I agree. Krebs cycle does not need oxygen. And CO2 is released from Krebs cycle. Therefore oxygen atoms of CO2 are not the oxygen atoms we breathe. Oxygen is used to make water in the electron transport chain. One interesting point would be, where is going this water ?

For the two strands of DNA I use the designation Watson strand and Crick strand. Watson strand has the same sequence than mRNA (sense strand). Therefore mRNA is synthetized in the cell by adding bases complementary to the Crick strand (antisense strand). So the strand which is operational (I mean us...

It is easier for B which is a metaphase. A is more difficult. I should say may be prophase because it seems there is a begining of DNA condensation which happens at the begining of mitosis. However I have no certainty because the nucleus seems splitted in two parts.

I am afraid it is not so simple. In cancer immunotherapy there the good lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes but there are also the bad ones, the regulatory T lymphocytes (TREGS) which prevent the action of T lymphocytes. So in cancer immunotherapy the therapy consists in having more cytotxic T lymp...

it seems that the Princeton file also describes equal concentrations Inside and outside

Obviously you already know more on osmosis than me. In my mind osmosis stops when concentrations are similar Inside and outside the cell. If this wrong I am ready to change my view of osmosis.

There are no easy questions. I believe that there is an association between the two proteins synthetized by both alleles. In the association the dominant protein inhibits the function of the recessive protein.

or cell division

May be I am wrong but I believed that alternative splicing is the same thing that splicing. Only in alternative splicing, splicing is different in various types of cells. So the protein corresponding to the same gene will be different in lung and liver for instance.

It is true that the membrane potential is between the external part of the membrane (outside the cell) and the internal part of the membrane (Inside the cell). So if both electrodes are Inside the cell there no potential. The membrane potential comes from the fact that Na+, K+, CL- concentrations ar...

I agree that many of my students had difficulties writing an article. But this was already before the SMS time. My feeling was that the best students do not go into science because it is not enough rewarding. A lot of work for low salaries. And also when you are in a non English speaking country it ...

I am a retired biology researcher and I believe that the most important is in the experiment itself. Then theory is useful to interpret the results of the experiment. When I began research one of my bosses believed that the only interesting experiments were first designed in the brain of the researc...