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On the tenth anniversary of the proposal of the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis, a unified theory of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis by the various biomolecular machines of the cell has been formulated. Complete details of the molecular mechanisms of the fundamental biological processes of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and muscle contraction have been provided and the inconsistencies present in all previous theories have been removed. The new theory has been shown to be consistent with both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The new mechanisms have been shown to be in agreement with the immense amount of experimental data in the literature and provide logical explanations and a theoretical basis for all the experimental observations. The novel framework has generated a large number of predictions that can be tested experimentally. Our theory is now ideally positioned to guide the design of new experiments, rationalize and interpret experimental data, and catalyze the progress of future theoretical research in this important interdisciplinary field. <p> </p> <p> <em>Acknowledgements</em> </p> <p> <em> My research program has been generously funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through the Swarnajayanti Research Project, DST/SF/Life-102/2005 entitled, “Molecular Machines: Mechanism and Thermodynamics” under the Swarnajayanti Fellowships for “promotion of basic research of world standard.” I sincerely thank and greatly appreciate the following scientists and engineers for numerous helpful discussions over the years on various aspects of the topic in parenthesis: Dr. C. Channakeshava (molecular mechanism of muscle contraction), Hirdesh Rohatgi (molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis), Dr. Victor Wray (apoptosis and cell death) and Bhawana Agarwal (experimental investigation of ATP synthesis).</em> </p>
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