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Several countries have now come to realize the economic values of their microbial biodiversity. The direct commodity values of exploited microbial biological resources, such as different edible microorganisms/antibiotic producing strains, agriculturally important and industrial value of microbes are well established. These microbial genetic resources are available for commercial exploitation through biotechnology. <p> Developing countries are now demanding a greater share of the economic benefits arising from the use of resources within their boundaries, which until now have mainly accrued to the industrial countries with the technological capability to exploit them. India is home to millions of microbes, many of which are found nowhere else in the world. Therefore, it is imperative to conserve and characterize the variable agriculturally important microorganisms (AIMs) for its optimum utilization by the coming generations. </p> <p> Some microbes can make humans very ill whilst others can help in maintaining our health. Likewise, plants suffer from diseases caused by microbes but other microbes can be very beneficial to them, for instance in assisting them to absorb nutrients such as phosphate nitrogen , potassium and other minerals Besides, they are a valuable source of industrial products like organic acids, alcohol, antibiotics, dyes and biopesticides. </p> <p> During the last decades (1960s Green revolution) increased fertilizer and pesticide use contributed to a spectacular increase in crop production, especially in Asia and South America. However, the price of fossil-fuel-based inorganic fertilizers relative to the prices of most stable crops has increased and chemical pesticides are both costly and harmful when they persist in the soil and enter the food chain. This explains the emphasis on current attempts to control soil- and plant-associated microorganisms, to lower fertilizer production costs, reduce environmental pollution while ensuring fair or even high yields, and to expand the adaptability of plants to reputedly unfavorable situations. </p>
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