Target response

... in order to cause a human disease the virus must be able to bind its target molecule on a human cell, enter the cell and produce copies of itself. ... but by chance happen to do so. The wildly activating human immune response is then often the biggest culprit for the severe symptoms, the virus ...

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... surroundings and display them to CD4+ cells, who then initiate immune response if the antigen is immunogenic (bacterial antigen, for example). ... from spreading). The "killing" happens usually by forcing the target cell undergo apoptosis. Almost all cells in the body have MHC I molecules ...

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... remove phosphoryl groups from polypeptides, regulating a cell's response. d) a ligand phosphorylates protein residues, ending the signaling ... e) a second messenger carries a signal from a tissue or organ to a target cell. f) a ligand, such as a hormone, binds to a specific cell surface ...

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... quite well. About the direct CD4+ effect: There is no such direct CD4+ response as there is with CD8+ T cells, B cells, or cells of the innate immune ... wait to be recognized. Different Th responses do not exclusively target just one cell type (e.g. B cells), but have wider effect on many types ...

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... viral particles are "dormant" except when they bind to their target receptor on the cell surface and inject their genome and possible ... host organisms so much that they cause the original, protective immune response in human, but cannot spread in humans because they have mutated ...

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