Retrospective

... And I add this note: We have no way of knowing what the first bird species was. I can only speak of a "first species" of bird in a retrospective sense, assuming that IF scientists had been around at the time to assign classficatory designations, they would have felt confident enough ...

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... but since the populations are not coetaneous, there would be a great bias in the comparison. And since I only have one measure in time (retrospective study), I found best to determine the calculated growth rates (based only on the last measure and the age of the individual) in order ...

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... studies. New York: Cambridge University Press. Carroll, J. B. (1995). Reflections on Stephen Jay Gould's The Mismeasure of Man (1981): A retrospective review. Intelligence, 21, 121-134. Clark, E. A. & Hanisee, J. (1982). Intellectual and adaptive performance of Asian children in adoptive ...

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... self-report delinquency as were DZ twins, yielding a heritability of about 50%. Another recent study (Rushton, 1996) of 274 adult twin pairs used retrospective self-reports about destroying property, fighting, carrying and using a weapon, and struggling with the police and found a 50% heritability ...

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... documented influenza spreading from one species to another....confirmed with laboratory diagnostics and also including both a controlled study and retrospective study. http://www.veccs.org/public/EquineInfluenzaToDogs.pdf

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