Response

... traits. My understanding of white-skin origin is that after diverging from african populations, northern populations lost pigment in a selective response to vitamin deficiency. ?? It is also my understanding that "black" people are also a divergence from the evolutionary predecessors, ...

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(I posted this in the Cell Biology forum but did not get a response, so I am re-posting this here ) For the viruses that must carry a specific enzyme (eg. viruses with ssDNA, -ssRNA genomes): 1. It is carried in the capsid AND coded for in their genomes, ...

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... time of only twenty minutes; it sure beats having to wait twenty years or so for some larger vertebrates! Anyway, before I go into a more detailed response, I want to make sure I understand what I'm responding too, so here's two questions for you: No.4 I don't see them moving up the evolutionary ...

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... have their specificity encoded on a genomic level, are expressed in similar form on the surface of every cell of a given type, trigger immediate response and are able to recognize a broad range of pathogens. They recognize e.g. specific sugars on the surface of the pathogen or lipopolysaccharides ...

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... you can help me with this question; I've been reading about the aquired immune system, and I understand the recognition process that this immune response involves. But how does for example the macrophages (or another cell used in the innate immune system) recognize their targets? What decides ...

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