Protons

... carriers (10 NAD and 4 FAD) are oxidized in the ETS. Both of these high energy reducing agents dump their electrons into the ETS and the two protons (carried by each of them) are transferred into the inter membrane space (space between the inner and outer membranes) . Electrons released by ...

See entire post

... a proton gradient. During this process NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to ETC Complex 1 and 2. Complex 1 uses the electrons to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the cristae membrane creating a proton gradient. Ubiquinone (Q) transports these "spent" electrons from Complex 1 and 2 across ...

See entire post

... feel you. It's like that with a lot sciences. Chemists used to say that an atom is indivisible by definition. Then they said it's made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Now they're like "well, actually they're made of quarks". And they call chemistry science...

See entire post

Atoms are not as small as it gets; they are themselves made up of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) that are themselves made up of even smaller particles (quarks). Atoms are put together into molecules, which are put together into organelles, which ...

See entire post

They reduce oxygen to water with help from protons; the protons going to water maintains the gradient so they keep flowing through ATP Synthase. That's why we need oxygen. Besides providing the energy to move protons, they don't do much else.

See entire post