L chain

... omit the complete absence of a genetic mechanism for adding NEW things like biochemical pathways (ie krebs, glycolysis, electron transport chain), organ systems (intestines, livers, kidneys, adrenals, etc). Mutations= mistakes. Hospitals are full of people with mutations dying of cancer ...

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Hi guys, I have a question concerning this statement about energy losses in food chains: "Any energy transferred in respiration is lost to the environment or used in movement etc. and so is no longer available to subsequent organisms in the food chain and therefore ...

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IMHO it should be consumed <- consumer, so that "lower" levels of food chain are lower as is usually depicted. Anyway, fungus cannot be the one who is only consumed, no matter which one is it (either II or V)

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... on the surface of the intestinal epithelium cells. The A1 portion of the A subunit is an enzyme that ADP-ribosylates G proteins, while the A2 chain fits into the central pore of the B subunit ring. Upon binding, the complex is taken into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once inside ...

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... and mean, since it requires more energy and nutrients, so there has always been room for tiny, energy-efficient and simple forms of life. The food chain looks like a pyramid largely because of the same reasons (the few apex predators forming the top). ...but if evolution sees complex life as an ...

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