J chain

please, i need help with this question. Estimate the net charge of a polypeptide chain at physiological pH 7.4 and at pH 5.0 Ala-Arg-Val-His-Asp-Gln

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The electron transport chain is "one way".

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Hi guys, I'm finally getting my head wrapped around Cellular Respiration (with many thanks to Khan Academy!). In the Electron Transport Chain, it's my understanding that NADH is oxidised, losing its electrons to the reduction of O to H20. In doing so, it changes to a lower energy state and ...

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... and similarly I was asking if there is proof of anything being random in the world, because this would bring the element of uncertainty to this chain reaction and thus 'break us free' from our predetermined actions and reactions. I have understood that on the quantum level of things there might ...

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... theme. Naturally if everything is already determined, nothing is "needed"; everything simply exists as a passing phase of a big chain reaction. And if we have free will, then of course the feeling of it is not a delusion in the first place.

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