Integration

... the cell like a toothpick that cannot be swallowed [known as the “stuck-in-the-throat” model].1...This process of endosymbiosis requires genetic integration between the host and symbiont; vast amount of genes are transferred to the host nucleus, and protein transport machinery is established ...

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i get so irritated when i see that integration symbol.I still don't know how i cleared my school exams[Math].I think the examiner might have had some pity on me.

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1 enzyme is enough but the risk is religation of the vector without integration of the fragment. And of course you wil not be able to select the orientation of your insert, which can be a problem if you plan to express a protein.

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... in acute detail help us to design vectors that overcome some of the key problems they face now (for example, immune reponse and therapeutic DNA integration)? Or is it the case that even if we knew how the cell operates (e.g. all of its natural DNA repair mechanisms and immune response proteins) ...

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... toxic chemicals and wastes into nontoxic products. The additional gene is commonly added onto the bacteria in plasmids rather than permanently integration into the whole genome. just search pubmed.

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