Inactive

... and assembled into a functional virus, including fresh copies of the enzyme(s) they need. Naturally many viral particles are produced that are inactive because the assembly has failed, for example if some of the required enzymes did not get loaded into the capsid. Depending of the virus type, ...

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... be deeply appriciated! Modern mitochondria are the descendants of what were once free-living alpha proteobacteria. Insofar as mitochondria become inactive during periods of oxygen debt, what is probably true of thier alpha proteobacterial ancestors? a. they were obligate aerobes and herterotrophs ...

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... That is not possible in humans due to genetic imprinting, where certain genes (~100) are active in one parental chromosome (eg - the paternal) and inactive in the other (the maternal in this case). It may be possible to produce artificial gametes by stem cell technology, but it looks like the research ...

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Your protein is inactive due to the high concentration of imidazole. Try to use a cobalt based resin and that should do the trick. You will extract and wash in absence of imidazole and then purify in low concentration s of imidazole.

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... vast numbers of viral particles that are not infectious. Many mutations easily render some crucial receptor-binding protein or viral enzyme inactive, and thus the virus cannot infect its target cells.

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