Cofactors

...And I didn't say that "essential vitamins/cofactors" don't exist or don't play a role in the body, which is what you're implying that I said. As I'm sure you know, orthomolecular medicine involves the consumption of those compounds to ...

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... You mean the neodarwinian religion that pervades EVERY area of science? You might want to learn some basic biology before citing essential cofactors (vitamins/minerals) as 'pseudoscience'.

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... the afflicted person also smokes. So, how does smoking cause cancer? Gene expression could be influenced by many things other than proteins called cofactors. Perhaps tobacco contains a chemical that acts as a cofactor for cancerous genes. Therefore, we conclude that smoking causes cancer. The question ...

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... the difference between substrate and cofactor. The NAD+/NADH is cofactor. The dehydrogenases take hydrogens from substrates and put them to the cofactors, which can be subsequently reoxidized either with the same enzyme (typically flavin coenzymes) or in other enzyme (typically nicotinamide ...

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every enzyme requires some conditions in means of pH, ionic strength, present cofactors etc. That you get by adding the buffer to the reaction mixture. In some cases, the enzyme may even shift pH in non-buffered solution and thus it would stop working, but adding ...

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