Epigenetic silencing of regulatory genes by aberrant methylation contributes to tumorigenesis.

• Abstract
• Findings
• Materials and methods
• Abbreviations
• References
• Figure

1. Esteller M: DNA methylation and cancer therapy: new developments and expectations.

   Curr Opin Oncol 2005, 17(1):55-60.

2. Silverman LR, Demakos EP, Peterson BL, Kornblith AB, Holland JC, Odchimar-Reissig R, Stone RM, Nelson D, Powell BL, DeCastro CM, Ellerton J, Larson RA, Schiffer CA, Holland JF: Randomized controlled trial of azacitidine in patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome: a study of the cancer and leukemia group B.

   J Clin Oncol 2002, 20(10):2429-2440.

3. Christman JK: 5-Azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine as inhibitors of DNA methylation: mechanistic studies and their implications for cancer therapy.

   Oncogene 2002, 21(35):5483-5495.

4. Cihak A: Biological effects of 5-azacytidine in eukaryotes.

   Oncology 1974, 30(5):405-422.

5. Notari RE, DeYoung JL: Kinetics and mechanisms of degradation of the antileukemic agent 5-azacytidine in aqueous solutions.

   J Pharm Sci 1975, 64(7):1148-1157.

6. Kissinger LD, Stemm NL: Determination of the antileukemia agents cytarabine and azacitidine and their respective degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography.

   J Chromatogr 1986, 353:309-318.

7. Cohen JI: Epstein-Barr virus infection.

   N Engl J Med 2000, 343(7):481-492.

8. Ben-Sasson SA, Klein G: Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus genome by 5-aza-cytidine in latently infected human lymphoid lines.

   Int J Cancer 1981, 28(2):131-135.

9. Ernberg I, Falk K, Minarovits J, Busson P, Tursz T, Masucci MG, Klein G: The role of methylation in the phenotype-dependent modulation of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein genes in cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus.

   J Gen Virol 1989, 70:2989-3002.

10. Masucci MG, Contreras-Salazar B, Ragnar E, Falk K, Minarovits J, Ernberg I, Klein G: 5-Azacytidine up regulates the expression of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) through EBNA-6 and latent membrane protein in the Burkitt's lymphoma line rael.

    J Virol 1989, 63(7):3135-3141.

11. Jansson A, Masucci M, Rymo L: Methylation of discrete sites within the enhancer region regulates the activity of the Epstein-Barr virus BamHI W promoter in Burkitt lymphoma lines.

    J Virol 1992, 66(1):62-69.

12. Chan AT, Tao Q, Robertson KD, Flinn IW, Mann RB, Klencke B, Kwan WH, Leung TW, Johnson PJ, Ambinder RF: Azacitidine induces demethylation of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in tumors.

    J Clin Oncol 2004, 22(8):1373-1381.

13. Feng WH, Cohen JI, Fischer S, Li L, Sneller M, Goldbach-Mansky R, Raab-Traub N, Delecluse HJ, Kenney SC: Reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus by methotrexate: a potential contributor to methotrexate-associated lymphomas.

    J Natl Cancer Inst 2004, 96(22):1691-1702.

14. Hurd PJ, Whitmarsh AJ, Baldwin GS, Kelly SM, Waltho JP, Price NC, Connolly BA, Hornby DP: Mechanism-based inhibition of C5-cytosine DNA methyltransferases by 2-H pyrimidinone.

    J Mol Biol 1999, 286(2):389-401.

15. Kim CH, Marquez VE, Mao DT, Haines DR, McCormack JJ: Synthesis of pyrimidin-2-one nucleosides as acid-stable inhibitors of cytidine deaminase.

    J Med Chem 1986, 29(8):1374-1380.

16. Cheng JC, Matsen CB, Gonzales FA, Ye W, Greer S, Marquez VE, Jones PA, Selker EU: Inhibition of DNA methylation and reactivation of silenced genes by zebularine.

    J Natl Cancer Inst 2003, 95(5):399-409.

17. Zhou L, Cheng X, Connolly BA, Dickman MJ, Hurd PJ, Hornby DP: Zebularine: a novel DNA methylation inhibitor that forms a covalent complex with DNA methyltransferases.

    J Mol Biol 2002, 321(4):591-599.

18. Cheng JC, Yoo CB, Weisenberger DJ, Chuang J, Wozniak C, Liang G, Marquez VE, Greer S, Orntoft TF, Thykjaer T, Jones PA: Preferential response of cancer cells to zebularine.

    Cancer Cell 2004, 6(2):151-158.

19. Lemaire M, Momparler LF, Bernstein ML, Marquez VE, Momparler RL: Enhancement of antineoplastic action of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine by zebularine on L1210 leukemia.

    Anticancer Drugs 2005, 16(3):301-308.

20. Wiman KG, Magnusson KP, Ramqvist T, Klein G: Mutant p53 detected in a majority of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines by monoclonal antibody PAb240.

    Oncogene 1991, 6(9):1633-1639.

21. Strathdee G: Epigenetic versus genetic alterations in the inactivation of E-cadherin.

    Semin Cancer Biol 2002, 12(5):373-379.

22. Auerkari EI: Methylation of tumor suppressor genes p16(INK4a), p27(Kip1) and E-cadherin in carcinogenesis.

    Oral Oncol 2006, 42(1):5-13.

23. Shaker S, Bernstein M, Momparler RL: Antineoplastic action of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Dacogen) and depsipeptide on Raji lymphoma cells.

    Oncol Rep 2004, 11(6):1253-1256.

24. Stresemann C, Brueckner B, Musch T, Stopper H, Lyko F: Functional diversity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in human cancer cell lines.

    Cancer Res 2006, 66(5):2794-2800.

25. Corn PG, Smith BD, Ruckdeschel ES, Douglas D, Baylin SB, Herman JG: E-cadherin expression is silenced by 5' CpG island methylation in acute leukemia.

    Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6(11):4243-4248.

26. Packham G, Economou A, Rooney CM, Rowe DT, Farrell PJ: Structure and function of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein.

    J Virol 1990, 64(5):2110-2116.

27. Bernasconi M, Berger C, Sigrist JA, Bonanomi A, Sobek J, Niggli FK, Nadal D: Quantitative profiling of housekeeping and Epstein-Barr virus gene transcription in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines using an oligonucleotide microarray.

    Virol J 2006, 3:43.

28. Yuan J, Cahir-McFarland E, Zhao B, Kieff E: Virus and cell RNAs expressed during Epstein-Barr virus replication.

    J Virol 2006, 80(5):2548-2565.

29. Tsai CN, Tsai CL, Tse KP, Chang HY, Chang YS: The Epstein-Barr virus oncogene product, latent membrane protein 1, induces the downregulation of E-cadherin gene expression via activation of DNA methyltransferases.

    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002, 99(15):10084-10089.

30. Bonanomi A, Kojic D, Giger B, Rickenbach Z, Jean-Richard-Dit-Bressel L, Berger C, Niggli FK, Nadal D: Quantitative cytokine gene expression in human tonsils at excision and during histoculture assessed by standardized and calibrated real-time PCR and novel data processing.

    J Immunol Methods 2003, 283(1-2):27-43.