Consistent evidence suggests that high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated …

• Role of Various Carotenoids in Lung Cancer Prevention
• Tables

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Table 1. Relative risk^* of lung cancer between tertiles of daily intake of individual carotenoids and of vegetables and fruits

Relative risk (95% confidence interval) by tertile P for trend Tertile Lowest (referent) Middle Highest Low High Carotenoid, µg/day  -Carotene 1 0.91 (0.62-1.33) 0.61 (0.39-0.95) .10 12 53  ß-Carotene 1 1.14 (0.79-1.66) 0.79 (0.50-1.24) .15 849 1522  -Carotene 1 1.12 (0.74-1.69) 1.01 (0.67-1.51) .79 12 41  ß-Cryptoxanthin 1 0.79 (0.53-1.15) 0.72 (0.46-1.11) .84 1.3 4.1  Lycopene 1 1.04 (0.69-1.57) 1.00 (0.67-1.50) .77 214 764  Lutein and zeaxanthin 1 0.68 (0.45-1.03) 0.87 (0.57-1.31) .34 928 1271   All carotenoids 1 1.18 (0.80-1.74) 0.92 (0.60-1.41) .21 2350 3830 Food group, g/day  Fruits and vegetables 1 0.86 (0.59-1.26) 0.60 (0.38-0.96) .02 116 225  Fruits 1 0.85 (0.57-1.25) 0.58 (0.37-0.93) .013 39 106  Vegetables 1 0.90 (0.61-1.34) 0.83 (0.54-1.26) .20 61 118  Root vegetables 1 0.98 (0.68-1.42) 0.56 (0.36-0.88) .03 11 32  Legumes 1 1.24 (0.83-1.85) 0.88 (0.58-1.34) .55 4 8  Other vegetables 1 0.92 (0.61-1.38) 0.89 (0.59-1.35) .71 37 74

^* Adjusted for age and smoking status.

Likelihood ratio test based on Cox's model.

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Table 2. Relative risk^* of lung cancer between the highest and lowest tertiles of daily intake of individual carotenoids in nonsmokers and smokers

Carotenoid Relative risk (95% confidence interval) Mean intake, µg P for difference Nonsmokers (n = 28) Smokers (n = 90) Nonsmokers Current smokers -Carotene 0.33 (0.11-1.02) 0.70 (0.43-1.14) 75 62 .001 ß-Carotene 0.38 (0.12-1.18) 0.96 (0.58-1.58) 1737 1602 .009 -Carotene 0.44 (0.16-1.26) 1.29 (0.82-2.01) 39 41 .25 ß-Cryptoxanthin 0.37 (0.12-1.12) 0.82 (0.51-1.33) 4.1 3.4 Lycopene 0.46 (0.16-1.33) 1.26 (0.81-1.96) 701 734 .22 Lutein and zeaxanthin 0.46 (0.18-1.17) 0.99 (0.62-1.57) 1182 1141 .002   All carotenoids 0.47 (0.17-1.31) 1.12 (0.70-1.80) 3738 3584 .04

^* Adjusted for age.

F-test (two-sided) based on the linear model.

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