Figures

- Monocot macrofossils from the miocene of Southern New Zealand

Click to enlarge image

Figure 2. Extant New Zealand monocots. 1. Rhopalostylis sapida, TLM view of stomatal complexes, and (upper right) compound gland (OPH2638, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. Freycinetia banksii, TLM view of stomatal complexes (OPH7429, scale bar = 50 µm, CHR218519); 3. Cordyline australis, TLM view of stomatal complexes (OPH7433, scale bar = 50 µm, CHR509649); 4. Phormium cookianum, TLM view of stomatal complexes. Note complexes are sunken in narrow grooves (OPH7425, scale bar = 50 µm, CHR228076A); 5. Phormium tenax, TLM view of stomatal complexes. Note the highly networked nature of the complexes (OPH7427, scale bar = 50 µm, CHR261417); 6. Typha orientalis, TLM view of stomatal complexes (OPH7430, scale bar = 50 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 3. CUT-Mo-EEI, and extant Smilax and Rhipogonum. 1. CUT-Z-EEI, TLM view of stomatal complex (SL5435, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Z-EEI, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SL5435, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. CUT-Z-EEI, outer SEM view of a single stoma. Note pinched appearance of outer stomatal ledge, and arching ridges of cuticle (S-1049, scale bar = 10 µm); 4. CUT-Z-EEI, inner SEM view of a single stoma (S-1709, scale bar = 10 µm); 5. CUT-Z-EEI, TLM view of single stomatal complex (SL2035, scale bar = 20 µm); 6. TLM of extant Rhipogonum scandens (OPH2631, scale bar = 20 µm); 7. TLM of extant Smilax australis (AQ037802, scale bar = 50 µm); 8. TLM of extant Rhipogonum album (AQ330750, scale bar = 50 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 4. CUT-Mo-EFG and CUT-Mo-EFE and Astelia papuana (Cuticle morphologies are described as parataxa. They are given a non-hierarchical parataxon code. For pragmatism this consists of the prefix 'CUT-Mo-' (for "cuticle-monocot") followed by a string of three letters. These letters have no meaning, but together with the prefix, form a unique text string). 1. CUT-Mo-EFG, TLM view of stomatal complexes. Note extremely thin cuticle (SL1969, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Mo-EFG, TLM view of single stomatal complex at upper left (SL1969, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. CUT-Mo-EFE, TLM view of pairs of glandular trichomes which may mark the position of stomatal complexes (SL1683, scale bar = 50 µm); 4. CUT-Mo-EFE, TLM detail of a pair of glandular trichomes (SL1683, scale bar = 20 µm); 5. CUT-Mo-EFE, outer SEM view of pairs of glandular trichomes (S-1054, scale bar = 100 µm); 6. CUT-Mo-EFE, outer SEM view showing several pairs of glandular trichomes (S-1054, scale bar = 50 µm); 7. Extant Astelia papuana (AQ053799, scale bar = 50 µm); 8. Extant A. papuana (AQ053799, scale bar = 20 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 5. CUT-Mo-EFH and CUT-Mo-FEH. 1. CUT-Mo-EFH, TLM view of rows of papillae (SL1968, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Mo-EFH, Outer SEM view of cuticle (S-1059, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. CUT-Mo-EFH, inner SEM view of cuticle (S-1059, scale bar = 50 µm); 4. CUT-Mo-EFH, inner SEM view of cuticle (S-1059, scale bar = 20 µm); 5. CUT-Mo-FEH, TLM view of two stomatal complexes. Note lack of any row structure and complex stomatal construction (SL3238, scale bar = 50 µm); 6. CUT-Mo-FEH, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SL3238, scale bar = 20 µm); 7. CUT-Mo-FEH, Inner SEM view of a single stomatal complex (S-1360, scale bar = 20 µm); 8. CUT-Mo-FEH, Outer SEM view of a single stomatal pore (arrowed) (S-1360, scale bar = 50 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 7. CUT-Mo-FJE, CUT-Mo-AAI, and CUT-Mo-EFI. 1. CUT-Mo-FJE, TLM view of stomatal complexes (SL2524, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Mo-FJE, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SL2524, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. CUT-Mo-AAI, TLM view of stomatal complexes, SB1357, scale bar = 50 µm); 4. CUT-Mo-AAI, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SB1357, scale bar = 20 µm); 5. CUT-Mo-EFI, TLM view of two stomatal complexes (SL1973, scale bar = 50 µm); 6. CUT-Mo-EFI, TLM detail of stomatal complex. Note distinctive straight sides to complex and ridges of cuticle flanking the outer stomatal ledges (SL1973, scale bar = 20 µm); 7. CUT-Mo-EFI, inner SEM detail of a single stomatal complex (S-1060, scale bar = 20 µm); 8. CUT-Mo-EFI, outer SEM view of a single stoma. Note pinched appearance of outer stomatal ledge and slit-like aperture (S-1060, scale bar = 20 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 9. Fossil and extant Typha. 1. CUT-Mo-FFA, TLM view of stomatal complexes (SL3141, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Mo-FFA, TLM detail of stomatal complex. Note ridges of cuticle closely flanking the outer stomatal ridges (SL3141, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. extant Typha domingensis (AQ399599, scale bar = 50 µm); 4. extant T. domingensis (AQ399599, scale bar = 20 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 10. CUT-Mo-EII and CUT-Mo-FEF. 1. CUT-Mo-EII, TLM view of stomatal complexes (SL1873, scale bar = 50 µm); 2. CUT-Mo-EII, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SL1873, scale bar = 20 µm); 3. CUT-Mo-EII, inner SEM detail of two stomatal complexes. Ragged flanges are partial cutinisation of inner periclinal walls (S-1105, scale bar = 20 µm); 4. CUT-Mo-EII, outer SEM view of a single stomatal complex. Note how periclinal walls bulge outwards (S-1105, scale bar = 20 µm); 5. CUT-Mo-FEF, TLM view of stomatal complexes. Note dark ring of trichome at centre left (SL3143, scale bar = 50 µm); 6. CUT-Mo-FEF, TLM detail of stomatal complex (SL3143, scale bar = 20 µm).

Click to enlarge image

Figure 11. Typha seeds, TLM views of seeds mounted in glycerine jelly; scale bar = 0.2 mm. 1. SL4408; 2. SL2519; 3. SL2430; 4. SL1957; 5. SL4407; 6. SL4405; 7. SL2196; 8. SL2430; 9. SL2429; 10. SL2431.