This review quantifies N losses for various animal production strategies and to …

• Abstract
• Introduction
• Strategies for Reducing Nitrogen Excretion
• Housing and Manure Removal
• Manure Storage
• Manure Application
• Whole-Farm Assessment
• Implications
• Footnotes
• Literature Cited
• Tables

Table 1. Typical values for the annual excretion of N by various animal types expressed as percentage of body weight^a

Table 2. Typical N losses from animal housing facilities expressed as a percentage of total N excreted^a

Table 3. Typical N losses for the major types of long-term manure storage used in animal production expressed as a percentage of total N entering storage^a

Table 4. Typical N losses for major manure application methods expressed as a percentage of the initial total N applied^a

Ammonia loss Other N lossb Manure type Average Range N N2O   ——— ;% total N ——— Irrigated slurry 30 25 to 50 2 to 25 <1 to 4 Broadcast slurry on grassland 25 15 to 40 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Broadcast slurry on bare soil 20 10 to 27 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Broadcast of solid cattle or swine 20 8 to 60 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Broadcast of solid poultry 12 8 to 25 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Band or trailing hose of slurry 18 13 to 26 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Incorporated within 6 hours 10 6 to 13 1 to 25 <1 to 4 Shallow injection of slurry 8 7 to 12 2 to 25 <1 to 4 Deep injection of slurry 2 1 to 5 5 to 25 2 to 9 Grazing feces and urine 10 4 to 20 10 to 30 <1 to 8 aSummarized from Ball and Ryden (1984); Garwood and Ryden (1986); Ryden (1986); Jarvis et al. (1989); Sommer et al. (1991); Gangbazo et al. (1995); Sommer and Hutchings (1995); Clough et al. (1996); de Klein et al. (1996); Dosch and Gutser (1996); Rubæk et al. (1996); Cary et al. (1997); Stout et al. (1997); Beckwith et al. (1998); Leinonen et al. (1998); van Horne et al. (1998); Weslien et al. (1998); Silva et al. (1999); Meisinger and Jokelo (2000); Stout et al. (2000); Oenema et al. (2001b); Rochette et al. (2001); Di and Cameron (2002a,b,c); Rodhe and Karlsson (2002); Sherlock et al. (2002); Mattila and Joki-Tokola (2003). bSubstantial loss of N2 can also occur through denitrification, which is not documented due to its neutral effect on the environment. cNitrate leaching loss should be small (<5% of total N) when manure is applied to cropland in the spring, but much greater loss can be expected when manure is applied to fallow land in autumn.