table of contents 
Motor problems, often characterised as clumsiness or poor motor coordination, have been …
|
Table 1
|
Sample characteristics
|
Subtype
|
Afrikaans
|
Northern Sotho
|
Tsonga
|
Venda
|
North Ndebele
|
Tswana
|
Bolobedu
|
Total
|
|
ADHD-HI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
6
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
5
|
23
|
10–13 yr
|
3
|
2
|
0
|
4
|
4
|
9
|
6
|
30
|
Girls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
13
|
10–13 yr
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
|
ADHD-PI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
4
|
1
|
5
|
10
|
6
|
3
|
4
|
33
|
10–13 yr
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
8
|
28
|
Girls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
13
|
10–13 yr
|
1
|
2
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
20
|
|
ADHD-C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
3
|
7
|
8
|
5
|
4
|
4
|
6
|
37
|
10–13 yr
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
6
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
38
|
Girls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
13
|
10–13 yr
|
0
|
4
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1
|
8
|
|
Non-ADHD
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
13
|
13
|
14
|
17
|
11
|
10
|
15
|
93
|
10–13 yr
|
13
|
11
|
10
|
15
|
11
|
17
|
19
|
96
|
Girls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6–9 yr
|
5
|
8
|
7
|
7
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
38
|
10–13 yr
|
3
|
7
|
8
|
3
|
3
|
6
|
7
|
37
|
|
Total
|
68
|
78
|
78
|
84
|
58
|
72
|
90
|
528
|
|
Table 2
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Results from repeated measures ANOVA
|
Measure
|
Variable
|
ANOVA
|
|
|
|
|
Gender
|
Age
|
|
Grooved Pegboard
|
|
Df
|
F
|
F
|
|
ADHD Subtype
|
3, 512
|
14. 270***
|
40.936***
|
|
Gender/Age
|
1, 512
|
2895.916***
|
105.042***
|
|
Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 512
|
30.504**
|
5.216**
|
|
Dominance
|
1, 512
|
47. 812***
|
0.308
|
|
Dominance × Gender/Age
|
1, 512
|
0.328
|
0.206
|
|
Dom × Subtype
|
3, 512
|
4. 790**
|
3.290*
|
|
Dom × Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 512
|
2.285
|
3.373*
|
|
Maze Coordination
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADHD Subtype
|
3, 516
|
26.006***
|
37.571***
|
|
Gender/Age
|
1, 516
|
13.694***
|
75.464***
|
|
Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 516
|
1.672
|
2.244
|
|
Dominance
|
1, 516
|
198.165***
|
0.050
|
|
Dominance × Gender/Age
|
1, 516
|
0.045
|
0.055
|
|
Dom × Subtype
|
3, 516
|
1.134
|
3.122*
|
|
Dom × Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 516
|
0.414
|
2.729*
|
|
Finger Tapping
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADHD Subtype
|
3, 475
|
0.437
|
0.069
|
|
Gender/Age
|
1, 475
|
2.584
|
19.961***
|
|
Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 475
|
3.088*
|
1.596
|
|
Dominance
|
1, 475
|
61.979***
|
0.304
|
|
Dominance × Gender/Age
|
1, 475
|
8.290**
|
2.581
|
|
Dom × Subtype
|
3, 475
|
0.589
|
0.493
|
|
Dom × Gender/Age × Subtype
|
3, 475
|
1.572
|
0.120
|
|
| *p ** p *** p |
Table 3
|
Comparing ADHD subtypes with non-ADHD groups
|
|
ADHD-HI
|
ADHD-PI
|
ADHD-C
|
|
Gender groups
|
|
Measure
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
|
Pegboard
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dom. hand
|
n/s
|
0.006**
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.001**
|
0.002**
|
Non-dom.
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.000***
|
0.000***
|
Maze
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dom. hand
|
n/s
|
0.037*
|
0.003**
|
0.032*
|
0.004**
|
0.000***
|
Non-dom.
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.04*
|
0.04*
|
|
Age groups
|
|
Measure
|
6 – 9
|
10 – 13
|
6 – 9
|
10 – 13
|
6 – 9
|
10 – 13
|
|
Pegboard
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dom. hand
|
0.000***
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.000***
|
0.008**
|
Non-dom.
|
0.032*
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.000***
|
0.008**
|
Maze
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dom. hand
|
n/s
|
n/s
|
0.000***
|
n/s
|
0.000***
|
n/s
|
Non-dom.
|
0.000***
|
n/s
|
0.04*
|
n/s
|
0.001**
|
n/s
|
|
*p ** p *** p With Bonferroni corrections.
There were no significant differences when the ADHD subtypes were compared with each other, with one exception: The performance with the non-dominant hand on the Grooved Pegboard of the younger ADHD-PI subtype differed significantly from the ADHD-C subtype (p = 0.03) |
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