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Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is known as an agricultural pest in …

Biology Articles » Agriculture » Farmers' perception on the importance of variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus (L.)) in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon » Tables

Tables
- Farmers' perception on the importance of variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus (L.)) in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon

Tables

Table 1

Relative importance (%) of the main insect pests on annual and perennial crops in the humid forest zone of Southern – Cameroon.

All
Crops
 AECD-Blocks
 Termites
 Borers
 Caterpillars (Without Borers)
 Aphids
 Mirids
 Scales Insects
 Variegated grasshopper
 Bugs (Without Mirids)
 p-value
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 9
 16
 9
 10
 6
 19
 16
 14
 <0.001

Mbalmayo
 2
 21
 10
 9
 7
 22
 16
 13
 <0.0001

Ebolowa
 4
 22
 12
 13
 5
 17
 14
 15
 <0.0001

p-value
 <0.05
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Mean
 5
 20
 10
 11
 6
 20
 15
 14
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 14
 14
 12
 11
 21
 18
 7
 5
 <0.01

Mbalmayo
 1
 19
 19
 10
 28
 13
 8
 2
 <0.0001

Ebolowa
 3
 22
 14
 14
 28
 5
 11
 4
 <0.0001

p-value
 <0.001
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 <0.05
 NS
 NS

Mean
 6
 18
 15
 11
 25
 12
 9
 4
 <0.0001
Female
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 11
 16
 9
 13
 9
 19
 12
 14
 NS

Mbalmayo
 3
 21
 10
 12
 9
 22
 12
 13
 0.0386

Ebolowa
 5
 22
 11
 14
 3
 17
 14
 16
 0.0236

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Mean
 6
 19
 10
 13
 7
 19
 12
 14
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 14
 15
 7
 14
 18
 23
 3
 11
 NS

Mbalmayo
 2
 21
 19
 10
 29
 14
 2
 5
 0.0005

Ebolowa
 4
 21
 15
 15
 22
 7
 13
 4
 NS

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Mean
 7
 19
 14
 13
 23
 15
 6
 6
 <0.0001
Male
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 7
 17
 10
 8
 3
 20
 21
 15
 0.0072

Mbalmayo
 2
 21
 10
 7
 6
 23
 20
 13
 0.0003

Ebolowa
 3
 23
 13
 12
 7
 17
 14
 14
 0.0002

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Mean
 4
 20
 11
 9
 5
 20
 18
 14
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 14
 13
 16
 8
 24
 13
 11
 3
 0.0404

Mbalmayo
 0
 18
 19
 10
 27
 13
 12
 2
 0.0007

Ebolowa
 3
 24
 13
 12
 33
 2
 10
 4
 0.0006

p-value
 0.008
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Mean
 6
 18
 16
 10
 28
 9
 11
 3
 <0.0001

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups (5 male and 5 female groups) of farmers interviewed per block; p-value is the significance levels of a non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis; NS = no significant (p > 0.05). AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 2

Food sources of Zonocerus variegatus among the annual and perennial crops in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon.

All
Crops
 AECD-Blocks
 General feeder (Polyphagous)
Oligophagous
 Monophagous
 No crop attacked
 Absent in the village
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0

Mbalmayo
 70
 30
 0
 0
 0

Ebolowa
 70
 30
 0
 0
 0

Mean
 67
 33
 0
 0
 0
Young Perennial Crop
 Yaounde
 20
 20
 10
 50
 0

Mbalmayo
 20
 20
 10
 50
 0

Ebolowa
 30
 50
 0
 20
 0

Mean
 23
 30
 7
 40
 0
Female
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0

Mbalmayo
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0

Ebolowa
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0

Mean
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0
Young Perennial Crop
 Yaounde
 20
 0
 0
 80
 0

Mbalmayo
 40
 0
 0
 60
 0

Ebolowa
 40
 40
 0
 20
 0

Mean
 33
 13
 0
 53
 0
Male
Annual crops
 Yaounde
 60
 40
 0
 0
 0

Mbalmayo
 80
 20
 0
 0
 0

Ebolowa
 80
 20
 0
 0
 0

Mean
 73
 27
 0
 0
 0
Young Perennial Crop
 Yaounde
 20
 40
 20
 20
 0

Mbalmayo
 0
 40
 20
 40
 0

Ebolowa
 20
 60
 0
 40
 0

Mean
 13
 47
 13
 33
 0

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per block; AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 3

Reasons for the increase incidence of Zonocerus variegatus in crop fields in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon.


All
 Female
 Male
Reasons
Ydé
 Mbyo
 Ebwa
 Means
 Ydé
 Mbyo
 Ebwa
 Means
 Ydé
 Mbyo
 Ebwa
 Means
Increased surfaces of herbaceous and C. odorata fallows
 50
 90
 80
 73
 40
 80
 80
 67
 60
 100
 80
 80
Deforestation
 60
 60
 60
 60
 40
 60
 60
 53
 80
 60
 60
 67
High reproductive rate of Z. variegatus
 20
 80
 20
 40
 0
 80
 0
 27
 40
 80
 40
 53
Lack, suppression or reduction of control measures against Z. variegatus
 30
 20
 20
 23
 20
 0
 0
 7
 40
 40
 40
 40
Increased food host range of Z. variegatus
 40
 20
 10
 23
 60
 20
 0
 27
 20
 20
 20
 20
Absence, suppression or reduction of human consumption of Z. variegatus
 10
 10
 10
 10
 0
 0
 0
 0
 20
 20
 20
 20
Wide colonization of the fields by weeds
 10
 0
 10
 7
 0
 0
 0
 0
 20
 0
 20
 13
Increase sun shine levels
 10
 20
 10
 13
 0
 20
 20
 13
 20
 20
 0
 7
Favorable climatic conditions
 0
 20
 30
 17
 0
 20
 40
 20
 0
 20
 20
 13
Change of the crop types
 10
 0
 0
 3
 20
 0
 0
 7
 20
 0
 0
 7
Reduction of spaces in sugar cane crop
 10
 0
 10
 7
 20
 0
 0
 7
 0
 0
 20
 7
Climatic changes
 20
 20
 30
 23
 0
 20
 20
 13
 40
 20
 20
 27
Presence of cassava
 0
 10
 0
 3
 0
 0
 0
 0
 0
 20
 0
 7
Possible change of the species of Z. variegatus
 10
 0
 0
 3
 20
 0
 0
 7
 0
 0
 0
 0

The values (% of answer) are averages for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per block. AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks. Ydé : Yaoundé, Mbyo: Mbalmayo, Ebwa: Ebolowa.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 4

Relative importance (%) of Zonocerus variegatus pressure in different fields types in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon.

All
AECD-Blocks
 Affub owondo
 Affub bidi
 Assan
 Essep
 Garden crops
 Young perennial crop
 p-value
Yaounde
 10
 34
 21
 9
 20
 5
 <0.0001
Mbalmayo
 31
 28
 9
 5
 17
 9
 <0.0001
Ebolowa
 19
 28
 20
 12
 7
 14
 <0.001
p-value
 <0.01
 NS
 <0.05
 NS
 <0.05
 NS
Means
 20
 30
 17
 9
 15
 9
 <0.0001
Female
Yaounde
 11
 38
 21
 9
 17
 3
 0.0121
Mbalmayo
 29
 21
 12
 8
 25
 5
 0.0021
Ebolowa
 20
 28
 22
 9
 5
 16
 0.0346
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
 0.0380
 NS
Means
 20
 29
 18
 9
 16
 8
 0.0001
Male
Yaounde
 10
 31
 21
 9
 22
 7
 0.0029
Mbalmayo
 33
 36
 6
 3
 10
 12
 0.0010
Ebolowa
 19
 28
 19
 15
 9
 11
 0.0175
p-value
 0.0209
 NS
 0.0220
 NS
 0.0422
 NS
Means
 21
 32
 15
 9
 14
 10
 <0.0001

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per block. Affub owondo is Grandnut' field. Essep is dry season' fields. Assan is marsh' fields. p-value is the significance levels of a non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis; NS = nonsignificant (p > 0.05). AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 5

Influence of age of the pre-farming fallow on the pressure (%) of Zonocerus variegatusin crop fields established at the same site.

All
AECD-Blocks
 Fallow of 1 -5 years
 Fallow of 5 -10 years
 Fallow > 10 years
 p-value
Yaounde
 39
 31
 30
 NS
Mbalmayo
 40
 30
 30
 NS
Ebolowa
 33
 33
 33
 NS
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 37
 32
 31
 NS
Female
Yaounde
 33
 33
 33
 NS
Mbalmayo
 47
 27
 27
 NS
Ebolowa
 33
 33
 33
 NS
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 38
 31
 31
 NS
Male
Yaounde
 44
 29
 27
 NS
Mbalmayo
 33
 33
 33
 NS
Ebolowa
 33
 33
 33
 NS
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 37
 32
 31
 NS

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per AECD-Blocks; p-value is the significance levels of a non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis ; NS = nonsignificant (p > 0.05); AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 6

Influence of fallow types on Zonocerus variegatus pressure (%) in adjacent crop fields in the humid forest zones of Southern Cameroon

All
AECD-Blocks
 C.odoratafallow
 Herbaceous fallows
 Shrubs fallow
 Forest
 p-value
Yaounde
 52
 35
 10
 5
 <0.0001
Mbalmayo
 44
 40
 11
 7
 <0.0001
Ebolowa
 51
 39
 9
 2
 <0.0001
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 49
 38
 10
 4
 <0.0001
Female
Yaounde
 54
 29
 10
 7
 0.0052
Mbalmayo
 45
 40
 10
 5
 0.0024
Ebolowa
 50
 43
 7
 0
 0.0007
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 50
 37
 9
 40
 <0.0001
Male
Yaounde
 49
 40
 9
 2
 0.0007
Mbalmayo
 42
 39
 11
 8
 0.0037
Ebolowa
 51
 34
 11
 4
 0.0010
p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS
Means
 47
 38
 10
 5
 <0.0001

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per AECD-Blocks; p-value is the significance levels of a non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis NS = nonsignificant (p > 0.05); AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 7

Influence of season on the population pressure (%) of Zonocerus variegatus on annual and perennial crops in the humidforest zones of Southern Cameroon.

Crops
 AECD-Blocks
 Long dry season
Short rainy season
Short dry season
Long rainy season
p-value
Annual Crop
 Yaoundé
 72
 4
 16
 9
 <0.0001

Mbalmayo
 70
 7
 11
 13
 <0.0001

Ebolowa
 64
 10
 27
 0
 <0.0001

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Means
 69
 7
 18
 7
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 25
 3
 12
 1
 <0.05

Mbalmayo
 36
 5
 10
 10
 <0.05

Ebolowa
 63
 9
 29
 0
 <0.0001

p-value
 <0.05
 NS
 <0.05
 NS

Means
 41
 5
 17
 4
 <0.0001
Female
Annual Crop
 Yaoundé
 76
 1
 13
 10
 0.0054

Mbalmayo
 68
 5
 12
 15
 0.0071

Ebolowa
 67
 9
 24
 0
 0.0015

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Means
 69
 5
 16
 8
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 15
 0
 5
 0
 NS

Mbalmayo
 31
 6
 13
 10
 NS

Ebolowa
 69
 4
 27
 0
 0.0017

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Means
 38
 3
 15
 3
 0.0014
Male
Annual Crop
 Yaoundé
 68
 6
 19
 7
 0.0061

Mbalmayo
 72
 9
 9
 10
 0.0080

Ebolowa
 61
 10
 29
 0
 0.0015

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Means
 67
 8
 19
 6
 <0.0001
Young Perennial Crops
 Yaoundé
 34
 6
 18
 2
 NS

Mbalmayo
 40
 3
 7
 9
 NS

Ebolowa
 57
 13
 30
 0
 0.0017

p-value
 NS
 NS
 NS
 NS

Means
 44
 7
 18
 4
 0.0002

The values are averages of the scores for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per AECD-Blocks; p-value is the significance levels of a non parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis; NS = nonsignificant (p > 0.05); AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17

Table 8

Different methods used by farmers in the humid forest of Southern Cameroon of control Zonocerus variegatus.

All
AECD-Blocks
 No method
 Chemical method
 Natural method (rain)
 Physical method
Yaounde
 10
 50
 40
 90
Mbalmayo
 0
 30
 30
 100
Ebolowa
 60
 0
 10
 40
Means
 23
 27
 27
 77
Female
Yaounde
 20
 40
 20
 80
Mbalmayo
 0
 20
 20
 100
Ebolowa
 60
 0
 0
 40
Means
 27
 20
 13
 73
Male
Yaounde
 0
 60
 60
 100
Mbalmayo
 0
 40
 40
 100
Ebolowa
 60
 0
 20
 40
Means
 20
 33
 40
 80

The values (%) are averages for 10 groups of farmers (5 male and 5 female groups) interviewed per AECD-blocks; AECD-Blocks = Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks.

Kekeunou et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2006 2:17 doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-17


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