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- The earliest settlers' antiquity and evolutionary history of Indian populations: evidence from M2 mtDNA lineage

	Figure 1 Map of the Indian subcontinent indicating approximate locations of studied populations and mtDNA haplogroup distribution. '*' Approximate location of the populations studied by Sun et al. [7], the mtDNA sequences of which were used in this study. (Click image to enlarge)
	Figure 2 Phylogenetic reconstruction of 76 complete mtDNAs of M2 Lineage. Mutations were scored relative to the rCRS [58]. Sample details and population codes has been given in Table 1. Four additional complete mtDNA sequence of M2 lineage (labeled as R102, T3, T11 and T27) are acquired from published sources [7] has been used for tree reconstruction. Suffixes A, C, G, and T indicate transversions, "d" signifies a deletion and a plus sign (+) an insertion; recurrent mutations are underlined. The prefix "@" indicates back mutation. The coalescent estimates were calculated as per [16] and [17] presented as bold and Italic respectively. (Click image to enlarge)
	Figure 3 Bayesian skyline plots showing demographic histories of earliest settlers' component. The thick solid line is the median estimate, and the grey area overlay show the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) limits. Panel 'A'- The Bayesian skyline plot (m = 10) for India total, derived from complete mtDNA sequences (n = 76). Panel 'B'- The Bayesian skyline plot (m = 10) for India total, derived from coding region (577–16023) mtDNA sequences (n = 76). The time estimates (yBP) were calculated as per [16]. For comparison, the cold and arid period around the Last Glacial Maximum are also indicated on panel A & B. Panel 'C to F' shows Bayesian skyline plots (m = 10) derived from complete mtDNA sequences of eastern (n = 11), central (n = 29), southern (n = 14) and western (n = 22) regions of India respectively. (Click image to enlarge)

 

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