TABLE 1. Origin of batches of Papaver seeds in southern Sweden during 2002
| Taxon |
Site |
Coordinates |
Date |
|
| P. argemone L. |
Alvastra |
58°17'N, 14°39'E |
15 July |
|
|
|
24 August |
|
Ledberg |
58°26'N, 15°28'E |
15 July |
|
|
|
24 August |
| P. rhoeas L. |
Starby |
58°27'N, 14°52'E |
19 July |
|
|
|
26 October |
|
Strå |
58°24'N, 14°54'E |
19 July |
|
|
|
26 October |
| P. dubium ssp. dubium L. |
Knivinge |
58°29'N, 15°29'E |
17 July |
|
|
|
25 August |
|
Tolefors |
58°25'N, 15°29'E |
17 July |
|
|
|
25 August |
| P. dubium ssp. lecoqii (Lamotte) Syme |
Glänås |
58°20'N, 14°50'E |
17 July |
|
|
|
25 August |
|
Alvastra |
58°18'N, 14°39'E |
25 August |
|
Vadstena |
58°27'N, 14°53'E |
25 August |
|
TABLE 2. Seasonal temperatures in annual cycles representing three different artificial climates: cold, intermediate and warm
| Season |
Time (d) |
Temperature (day/night, °C)
|
| Cold |
Intermediate |
Warm |
|
| Summer |
90 |
20/10 |
25/15 |
30/20 |
| Early autumn |
30 |
15/5 |
20/10 |
25/15 |
| Middle of autumn |
30 |
5/5 |
15/5 |
20/10 |
| Late autumn |
30 |
0/0 |
5/5 |
15/5 |
| Winter |
90 |
–12/–12 |
0/0 |
5/5 |
| Early spring |
30 |
0/0 |
5/5 |
15/5 |
| Middle of spring |
30 |
5/5 |
15/5 |
20/10 |
| Late spring |
30 |
15/5 |
20/10 |
25/15 |
|
TABLE 3. ANOVA of germination results of Papaver seeds collected 2002 in southern Sweden and subjected to five continuous temperature regimes for 900 d
| Factor |
d.f. |
MSS |
F |
P |
|
| Intercept |
1 |
0·276 |
10·5 |
0·001 |
| Time |
1 |
1·606 |
61·1 |
0·000 |
| (1) Taxon |
2 |
2·157 |
82·1 |
0·000 |
| (2) Temperature |
4 |
1·335 |
50·8 |
0·000 |
| (3) Light condition |
1 |
8·421 |
320·5 |
0·000 |
| (4) Collection |
1 |
0·492 |
18·7 |
0·000 |
| Taxon x Temperature |
8 |
0·835 |
31·8 |
0·000 |
| Taxon x Light |
2 |
0·894 |
34·0 |
0·000 |
| Taxon x Collection |
2 |
0·075 |
2·9 |
0·058 |
| Temperature x Light |
4 |
1·109 |
42·2 |
0·000 |
| Temperature x Collection |
4 |
0·019 |
0·7 |
0·589 |
| Light x Collection |
1 |
0·097 |
3·7 |
0·056 |
| Taxon x Temperature x Light |
8 |
0·594 |
22·6 |
0·000 |
| Taxon x Temperature x Collection |
8 |
0·031 |
1·2 |
0·319 |
| Taxon x Light x Collection |
2 |
0·010 |
0·4 |
0·696 |
| Temperature x Light x Collection |
4 |
0·014 |
0·5 |
0·711 |
| (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) |
8 |
0·014 |
0·6 |
0·822 |
| Error |
539 |
0·026 |
|
|
|
Seeds of each taxon were collected from two populations and on two occasions, one seed batch was considered one replicate. Time was treated as a continuous variable with five independent points.
(1) P. argemone, P. rhoeas or P. dubium ssp. dubium; (2) 5/5, 15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20 °C, day/night; (3) light during daytime or continuous darkness; (4) summer or autumn.
TABLE 4. ANOVA of germination results of Papaver seeds collected 2002 in southern Sweden
| Factor |
d.f. |
MS |
F |
P |
|
| Intercept |
1 |
0·530 |
23·1 |
0·000 |
| Time |
1 |
2·266 |
99·0 |
0·000 |
| (1) Taxon |
2 |
0·871 |
38·1 |
0·000 |
| (2) Climate |
2 |
2·226 |
97·3 |
0·000 |
| (3) Light condition |
1 |
11·824 |
516·7 |
0·000 |
| (4) Collection |
1 |
0·172 |
7·5 |
0·006 |
| (5) Starting point |
1 |
0·214 |
9·3 |
0·002 |
| Taxon x Climate |
4 |
0·270 |
11·8 |
0·000 |
| Taxon x Light |
2 |
0·086 |
3·8 |
0·024 |
| Taxon x Collection |
2 |
0·010 |
0·4 |
0·653 |
| Taxon x Start |
2 |
0·272 |
11·9 |
0·000 |
| Climate x Light |
2 |
1·056 |
46·1 |
0·000 |
| Climate x Collection |
2 |
0·050 |
2·2 |
0·115 |
| Climate x Start |
2 |
0·083 |
3·6 |
0·027 |
| Light x Collection |
1 |
0·047 |
2·1 |
0·151 |
| Light x Start |
1 |
0·184 |
8·0 |
0·005 |
| Collection x Start |
1 |
0·039 |
1·7 |
0·193 |
| Taxon x Climate x Light |
4 |
0·112 |
4·9 |
0·001 |
| Taxon x Climate x Collection |
4 |
0·009 |
0·4 |
0·827 |
| Taxon x Climate x Start |
4 |
0·014 |
0·6 |
0·643 |
| Taxon x Light x Collection |
2 |
0·005 |
0·2 |
0·801 |
| Taxon x Light x Start |
2 |
0·126 |
5·5 |
0·004 |
| Taxon x Collection x Start |
2 |
0·080 |
3·5 |
0·031 |
| Climate x Light x Collection |
2 |
0·027 |
1·2 |
0·314 |
| Climate x Light x Start |
2 |
0·076 |
3·3 |
0·036 |
| Climate x Collection x Start |
2 |
0·019 |
0·8 |
0·433 |
| Light x Collection x Start |
1 |
0·010 |
0·4 |
0·513 |
| (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) |
4 |
0·013 |
0·6 |
0·692 |
| (1) x (2) x (3) x (5) |
4 |
0·012 |
0·5 |
0·728 |
| (1) x (2) x (4) x (5) |
4 |
0·010 |
0·4 |
0·789 |
| (1) x (3) x (4) x (5) |
2 |
0·057 |
2·5 |
0·083 |
| (2) x (3) x (4) x (5) |
2 |
0·001 |
0·04 |
0·963 |
| (1) x (2) x (3) x (4) x (5) |
4 |
0·011 |
0·5 |
0·760 |
| Error |
647 |
0·023 |
|
|
|
The seeds were subjected to three different artificial climates for 900 d, with two different artificial times for dispersal (i.e. starting points in annual cycles). Seeds of each taxon were collected from two populations and on two occasions, one seed batch was considered one replicate. Time was treated as a continuous variable with five independent points.
(1) P. argemone, P. rhoeas or P. dubium ssp. dubium; (2) cold, intermediate or warm; (3) light during daytime or continuous darkness; (4) summer or autumn; (5) summer or autumn.