Figures
- A Comparative Study of Germination Ecology of Four Papaver Taxa

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FIG. 1. Cumulative germination of four Papaver taxa when subjected to five different temperature regimes (day/night °C shown in graphs) and provided with light during daytime. Four seed batches were collected from each taxon: shaded symbols are taxon averages. Open and closed symbols indicate batches collected in summer and autumn, respectively, on a few separate occasions.

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FIG. 2. Germination in continuous darkness of seeds of three Papaver taxa [P. argemone (arg), P. rhoeas (rho) and P. dubium ssp. dubium (dub)] collected during the summer (S) or autumn (A), and subjected to five different continuous temperature regimes (5/5, 15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20 °C, day/night). The study continued for 900 d. Each point shows the average germination reached at one point in time of two seed batches from different sites. Papaver dubium ssp. lecoqii was also included in the study, and germination was approx. 10 % after 480 or more days at 25/15 °C for one of four seed batches, otherwise zero or nearly zero.

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FIG. 3. Germination of four Papaver taxa when subjected to three different artificial climates and provided with light during daytime. Four seed batches were collected from each taxon. Seed batches were collected either during summer or autumn [each symbol shape (triangles, squares or circles) shows one collection site], and all were subjected to two starting points in the annual cycles: summer and autumn.

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FIG. 4. Germination in continuous darkness of seeds of three Papaver taxa [P. argemone (arg), P. rhoeas (rho) and P. dubium ssp. dubium (dub)] collected in summer (S) or autumn (A). Seeds were subjected to three different artificial climates (cold, intermediate or warm: summer temperatures were 30/20, 25/15 or 20/10 °C, day/night, respectively) with two different artificial dispersal times, i.e. starting points in cycles: summer (S) or autumn (A). The study continued for 900 d, including three autumns and two springs. Each point shows achieved average germination at one point in time for two seed batches from different sites. Papaver dubium ssp. lecoqii was also included in the study, but germination was nearly zero in all darkness treatments.

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FIG. 5. Emergence, as a fraction of seed sown, of three Papaver taxa in southern Sweden. For each seed batch, 250 seeds were sown in pots outdoors 1 week after collection. Pots were kept moist and protected from direct wind, rain and sunshine. Closed and open symbols show seeds collected during summer and autumn, respectively, and squares and triangles show different sites used for collection (cf. Fig. 3). Papaver dubium ssp. lecoqii was also included in the study, but only 2·0 % emerged.