table of contents 
The main aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of …
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Table 1
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Housing systems and management factors in 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
|
Herd
|
Region
|
n
|
Housing system
|
Floor
|
Walking area
|
Resting area
|
Feeding area
|
Exercise yard
|
Days at pasture (cow/heifer)
|
Routine claw trimming
|
|
A
|
I
|
15
|
Free stall
|
Other
|
Solid
|
Cubicles
|
Solid
|
Yes
|
66
|
No
|
B
|
I
|
45
|
Both
|
Concrete
|
Slatted
|
Cubicles
|
Slatted
|
Yes
|
118
|
No
|
C
|
I
|
31
|
Free stall
|
Concrete
|
Slatted
|
Slatted
|
Slatted
|
No
|
165
|
No
|
D
|
I
|
35
|
Free stall
|
Other
|
Deep litter
|
Deep litter
|
Solid
|
Yes
|
82/112
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Yes
|
E
|
I
|
21
|
Free stall
|
Other
|
Deep litter
|
Deep litter
|
Deep litter
|
Yes
|
77/213
|
No
|
F
|
I
|
19
|
Free stall
|
Concrete
|
Slatted
|
Slatted*
|
Slatted
|
No
|
132/127
|
No
|
G
|
II
|
16
|
Tie stall
|
Concrete
|
|
|
|
No
|
153
|
No
|
H
|
II
|
33
|
Free stall
|
Other
|
Deep litter
|
Deep litter
|
Solid
|
Yes
|
364
|
No
|
I
|
II
|
18
|
Free stall
|
Concrete
|
Slatted
|
Cubicles
|
Slatted
|
No
|
364/144
|
No
|
J
|
III
|
33
|
Tie stall
|
Concrete
|
|
|
|
No
|
117/132
|
No
|
K
|
III
|
17
|
Free stall
|
Concrete
|
Slatted
|
Cubicles
|
Slatted
|
No
|
200/91
|
No
|
L
|
III
|
79
|
Free stall
|
Concrete
|
Solid
|
Cubicles
|
Solid
|
No
|
109
|
No
|
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* Mats of rubber used around calving
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 2
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Feeding and feeding routines in 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
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Herd
|
Region
|
n
|
Types of roughage feed
|
Concentrate heifers
|
Concentrate before calving
|
Concentrate after calving
|
Mineral or vitamin additives
|
Salt lick with minerals
|
|
A
|
I
|
15
|
Round bale grass silage, straw
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
B
|
I
|
45
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Round bale grass silage, ammonia-treated straw
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
C
|
I
|
31
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Grass silage, ammonia-treated straw, hay, round bale grass silage
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
D
|
I
|
35
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Round bale grass silage
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Yes
|
Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
|
E
|
I
|
21
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Round bale grass silage, ammonia-treated straw
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
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Yes
|
Yes
|
F
|
I
|
19
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Round bale grass silage
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Yes
|
No
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Yes
|
Yes
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Yes
|
G
|
II
|
16
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Grass silage, round bale grass silage
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Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
H
|
II
|
33
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Grass silage, round bale grass silage
|
Yes
|
No
|
No
|
Yes
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Yes
|
I
|
II
|
18
|
Grass silage
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
J
|
III
|
33
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Round bale grass silage, ammonia-treated straw
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
K
|
III
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17
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Round bale grass silage, ammonia-treated straw, other
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Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
L
|
III
|
79
|
Round bale grass silage, ammonia-treated straw
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
No
|
Yes
|
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 3
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Claw trimming and cow variables of the herd at the time of trimming in 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
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Herd
|
Region
|
Cows (n)
|
Claw trimmer (id)
|
Season for trimming
|
Median date for calving
|
Mean age
|
Breed*
|
|
A
|
I
|
15
|
a
|
June
|
06/04
|
5.6
|
Ch/CU
|
B
|
I
|
45
|
a
|
June
|
17/02
|
3.9
|
He
|
C
|
I
|
31
|
a
|
May
|
14/05
|
6.1
|
CU/AA/He
|
D
|
I
|
35
|
a
|
May
|
22/03
|
4.8
|
He/CU/Li
|
E
|
I
|
21
|
b
|
April
|
12/05
|
4.8
|
CU/HE
|
F
|
I
|
19
|
b
|
January
|
06/03
|
5.8
|
CU/AA/Ch
|
G
|
II
|
16
|
c
|
March
|
01/04
|
4.8
|
Li/CU/He/Ch
|
H
|
II
|
33
|
c
|
February
|
-
|
6.0
|
CU/Li/AA
|
I
|
II
|
18
|
c
|
January
|
16/04
|
4.3
|
Si/CU
|
J
|
III
|
33
|
d/e
|
February
|
02/06
|
3.5
|
CU/Ch
|
K
|
III
|
17
|
f/g
|
January-February
|
05/03
|
4.7
|
Ch/CU
|
L
|
III
|
79
|
f/g
|
January-February
|
14/04
|
5.0
|
Ch/CU
|
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*He = Hereford, Ch = Charolais, AA = Aberdeen Angus, Li = Limousine, Si = Simmental, CU = Crossing or unknown. The most numerous breed in each herd is the first written.
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 4
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Definition of lameness and claw lesions recorded at trimming
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Lesion
|
Score*
|
Definition
|
|
Lameness
|
1
|
Asymmetric gait, bearing weight on all limbs
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|
2
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Avoiding weight-bearing on one or more limbs
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Dermatitis
|
1
|
Superficial, hyperaemic, slightly Exudative lesion of the digital/interdigital skin
|
|
2
|
Exudative, slightly ulcerative lesion with thickening of the skin
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|
3
|
Ulcerative, spontaneously bleeding lesion with thickening of the skin and great pain
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Heel-horn erosion
|
1
|
Slight defects of the horn integrity, pits and small fissures
|
|
2
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V-shaped fissures or craters of the heel/bulb not affecting corium
|
|
3
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V-shaped profound fissures or craters affecting corium of the heel/bulb
|
Haemorrhages of the white line
|
1
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Slight haemorrhagic discoloration
|
|
2
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Moderate haemorrhage on a single spot or several superficial haemorrhages covering > 20% of the white line
|
|
3
|
Profound haemorrhage on a single spot or extensive haemorrhagic discoloration covering > 50% of the white line
|
Haemorrhages of the sole
|
1
|
Slight haemorrhagic discoloration
|
|
2
|
Moderate haemorrhage on a single spot or several superficial haemorrhages covering > 20% of the sole surface
|
|
3
|
Profound haemorrhage on a single spot or extensive haemorrhagic discoloration covering > 50% of the sole
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Sole ulcer
|
1
|
Exposed, unaffected corium
|
|
2
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Granulation tissue, necrosis, purulent exudates and separation of the sole horn
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|
3
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As score 2 with additional affection of the deeper structures of the claw
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White-line fissure
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1
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Fissure, which disappear with deep cut beneath normal trimming level
|
|
2
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Deep fissure perforating next to the corium of sole or wall
|
|
3
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Corium is affected with purulent exudates, eventually with necrosis, granulation tissue and separation of the wall and/or sole
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* Lameness: score 1 = moderate, score 2 = severe. Claw lesions: score 1 = mild, score 2 = moderate, score 3 = severe. Absence of lameness or claw lesions: no notation
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 5
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Prevalence of lameness, pericarpal and peritarsal swellings, asymmetric claws, corkscrewed claws and claw lesions on individual and herd level recorded at claw trimming of 362 animals in 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
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Disorder
|
Individual prevalence (%)
|
Herd prevalence*
|
|
Front claws Mean (SD)
|
Hind claws Mean (SD)
|
Min
|
Max
|
|
Lameness
|
0 (0)
|
1.1 (10.5)
|
0
|
5.1
|
Pericarpal and peritarsal swellings
|
0.3 (5.3)
|
0 (0)
|
0
|
1.3
|
Asymmetric claws
|
4.4 (20.6)
|
6.9 (25.4)
|
0
|
47.4
|
Corkscrewed claws
|
0
|
4.2 (20.0)
|
0
|
26.7
|
Infectious claw lesions
|
1.7 (12.8)
|
16.3 (37.0)
|
0
|
58.2
|
Dermatitis
|
0 (0)
|
2.2 (14.7)
|
0
|
7.6
|
Heel-horn erosions
|
1.7 (12.8)
|
16.1 (36.8)
|
0
|
57
|
Laminitis-related claw lesions
|
2.2 (14.7)
|
16.9 (37.5)
|
0
|
60.6
|
Haemorrhages of the white line
|
0.8 (9.1)
|
3.0 (17.2)
|
0
|
18.2
|
Haemorrhages of the sole
|
0.6 (7.4)
|
7.8 (26.8)
|
0
|
25.0
|
Sole ulcers
|
0.3 (5.3)
|
1.4 (11.7)
|
0
|
6.7
|
White-line fissures
|
0.8 (9.1)
|
8.3 (27.6)
|
0
|
36.4
|
Double sole
|
0
|
1.4 (11.7)
|
0
|
12.5
|
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*Herd prevalence is calculated as percentage of cows with lesions
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 6
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Prevalence of laminitis-related and infectious claw lesions in each of 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
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Herd
|
n
|
Laminitis-related claw lesions (%)
|
Infectious claw lesions (%)
|
|
A
|
15
|
6.7
|
0
|
B
|
45
|
4.4
|
0
|
C
|
31
|
0
|
0
|
D
|
35
|
11.4
|
2.9
|
E
|
21
|
14.3
|
0
|
F
|
19
|
26.3
|
42.1
|
G
|
16
|
31.3
|
0
|
H
|
33
|
60.6
|
15.2
|
I
|
18
|
33.3
|
0
|
J
|
33
|
3
|
0
|
K
|
17
|
0
|
0
|
L
|
79
|
20.3
|
58.2
|
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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Table 7
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Univariate statistics for environmental factors and management that were associated with herd prevalence of laminitis-related lesions in 12 Norwegian beef-cow herds (2003)
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Factor
|
β
|
Value
|
Number of herds
|
Mean prevalence
|
p-value
|
R2
|
|
Presence of isolated room for staff
|
|
Yes
|
6
|
0.08
|
0.03
|
0.38
|
|
|
No
|
6
|
0.30
|
|
|
Hot and cold water available
|
|
Yes
|
8
|
0.12
|
0.05
|
0.33
|
|
|
No
|
4
|
0.34
|
|
|
Region
|
|
I
|
6
|
0.12
|
|
0.75
|
|
|
II
|
3
|
0.46
|
|
|
|
|
III
|
3
|
0.08
|
|
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Days at pasture – cows
|
0.001
|
|
|
|
0.02
|
0.42
|
Days at pasture – heifers
|
0.002
|
|
|
|
|
0.52
|
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Fjeldaas et al. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2007 49:24 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-49-24
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