table of contents 
In this review the authors discuss the evidence regarding caffeine and dependence …
|
- American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Revised 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC..
- American Psychiatric Association (1992) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC..
- American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Revised 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC..
- Aldridge A, Aranda JV and Neims AH (1979) Caffeine metabolism in the newborn. Clin Pharmacol Ther 25: 447-453[Medline].
- Aldridge A, Bailey J and Neims AH (1981) The disposition of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 5: 310-314[Medline].
- Ammon HP (1991) Biochemical mechanism of caffeine tolerance. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 324: 261-267[Medline].
- Andén NE and Jackson DM (1975) Locomotor activity stimulation in rats produced by dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: potentiation by caffeine. J Pharm Pharmacol 27: 666-670[Medline].
- Anderson KJ and Revelle W (1982) Impulsivity, caffeine, and proofreading: A test of the Easterbrook hypothesis. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 8: 614-624[Medline].
- Andiné P, Rudolphi KA, Fredholm BB and Hagberg H (1990) Effect of propentofylline (HWA 285) on extracellular purines and excitatory amino acids in CA1 of rat hippocampus during transient ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 100: 814-818[Medline].
- Arai A, Kessler M and Lynch G (1990) The effects of adenosine on the development of long-term potentiation. Neurosci Lett 119: 41-44[Medline].
- Aranda JV, Collinge JM, Zinman R and Watters G (1979) Maturation of caffeine elimination in infancy. Arch Dis Child 54: 946-949[Abstract].
- Aranda JV, Gorman W, Bergsteinsson H and Gunn T (1977) Efficacy of caffeine in treatment of apnea in the low-birth-weight infant. J Pediatr 90: 467-472[Medline].
- Aranda JV, MacLeod SM, Renton KW and Eade NR (1974) Hepatic microsomal drug oxidation and electron transport in newborn infants. J Pediatr 85: 534-542[Medline].
- Arbeit ML, Nicklas TA, Frank GC, Webber LS, Miner MH and Berenson GS (1988) Caffeine intakes of children from a biracial population: The Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc 88: 466-471[Medline].
- Arch JR and Newsholme EA (1978) The control of the metabolism and the hormonal role of adenosine. Essays Biochem 14: 82-123[Medline].
- Arnaud MJ (1976) Identification, kinetic and quantitative study of [2-14C] and [1-Me-14C]caffeine metabolites in rat's urine by chromatographic separations. Biochem Med 16: 67-76[Medline].
- Arnaud MJ (1985) Comparative metabolic disposition of [1-Me14C]caffeine in rats, mice, and Chinese hamsters. Drug Metab Dispos 13: 471-478[Abstract].
- Arnaud MJ (1987) The pharmacology of caffeine. Prog Drug Res 31: 273-313[Medline].
- Arnaud MJ (1993) Metabolism of caffeine and other components of coffee, in Caffeine, Coffee and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 43-95, Raven Press, New York.
- Arnaud MJ and Welsch C (1982) Theophylline and caffeine metabolism in man, in Theophylline and Other Methylxanthines (Reitbrock N, Woodcock BG andStaib AH eds) pp 135-148, Friedr. Vieweg and Sons, Zurich.
- Arushanian EB and Belozertsev YB (1978) The effect of amphetamine and caffeine on neuronal activity in the neocortex of the cat. Neuropharmacology 17: 1-6[Medline].
- Atkinson J and Enslen M (1976) Self-administration of caffeine by the rat. Arzneimittelforschung 26: 2059-2061[Medline].
- Baldwin HA, Johnston AL and File SE (1989) Antagonistic effects of caffeine and yohimbine in animal tests of anxiety. Eur J Pharmacol 159: 211-215[Medline].
- Ballarin M, Fredholm BB, Ambrosio S and Mahy N (1991) Extracellular levels of adenosine and its metabolites in the striatum of awake rats: inhibition of uptake and metabolism. Acta Physiol Scand 142: 97-103[Medline].
- Ballarin M, Reiriz J, Ambrosio S and Mahy N (1995) Effect of locally infused 2-chloroadenosine, an A1 receptor agonist, on spontaneous and evoked dopamine release in rat neostriatum. Neurosci Lett 185: 29-32[Medline].
- Barone J and Roberts H (1984) Human consumption of caffeine, in Caffeine: Perspectives from Recent Research (Dews PB ed) pp 59-73, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
- Barone JJ and Roberts HR (1996) Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 34: 119-129[Medline].
- Barraco RA, Martens KA, Parizon M and Normile HJ (1993) Adenosine A2a receptors in the nucleus accumbens mediate locomotor depression. Brain Res Bull 31: 397-404[Medline].
- Bättig K, Buzzi R, Martin JR and Feierabend JM (1984) The effects of caffeine on physiological functions and mental performance. Experientia 40: 1218-1223[Medline].
- Bättig K and Welzl H (1993) Psychopharmacological profile of caffeine, in Caffeine, Coffee and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 213-253, Raven Press, New York.
- Bedingfield JB, King DA and Holloway FA (1998) Cocaine and caffeine: Conditioned place preference, locomotor activity, and additivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61: 291-296[Medline].
- Benington JH, Kodali SK and Heller HC (1995) Stimulation of A1 adenosine receptors mimics the electroencephalographic effects of sleep deprivation. Brain Res 692: 79-85[Medline].
- Benowitz NL, Hall SM and Modin G (1989) Persistent increase in caffeine concentrations in people who stop smoking. BMJ 298: 1075-1076[Medline].
- Benowitz NL, Jacob P, 3rd, Mayan H and Denaro C (1995) Sympathomimetic effects of paraxanthine and caffeine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 58: 684-691[Medline].
- Bertorelli R, Ferri N, Adami M and Ongini E (1996) Effects of selective agonists and antagonists for A1 and A2A adenosine receptors on sleep-waking patterns in rats. Drug Dev Res 37: 65-72.
- Bevan MD, Clarke NP and Bolam JP (1997) Synaptic integration of functionally diverse pallidal information in the entopeduncular nucleus and subthalamic nucleus in the rat. J Neurosci 17: 308-324[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Bhat RV, Cole AJ and Baraban JM (1992) Chronic cocaine treatment suppresses basal expression of zif268 in rat forebrain: in situ hybridization studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: 343-349[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Bickel WK, DeGrandpre RJ and Higgins ST (1995) The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: a review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research. Psychopharmacology 118: 250-259[Medline].
- Bickel WK, Hughes JR, DeGrandpre RJ, Higgins ST and Rizzuto P (1992) Behavioral economics of drug self-administration: IV. The effects of response requirement on the consumption of and interaction between concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. Psychopharmacology 107: 211-216[Medline].
- Bickford PC, Fredholm BB, Dunwiddie TV and Freedman R (1985) Inhibition of Purkinje cell firing by systemic administration of phenylisopropyl adenosine: effect of central noradrenaline depletion by DSP4. Life Sci 37: 289-297[Medline].
- Biggs TA and Myers RD (1997) Adenosine A1 receptor antisense infused in striatum of rats: actions on alcohol-induced locomotor impairment, blood alcohol, and body temperature. Alcohol 14: 617-621[Medline].
- Birkett DJ and Miners JO (1991) Caffeine renal clearance and urine caffeine concentrations during steady state dosing. Implications for monitoring caffeine intake during sports events. Br J Clin Pharmacol 31: 405-408[Medline].
- Blanchard J and Sawers SJ (1983a) The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 24: 93-98[Medline].
- Blanchard J and Sawers SJ (1983b) Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly men. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 11: 109-126[Medline].
- Bona E, Ådén U, Fredholm BB and Hagberg H (1995) The effect of long term caffeine treatment on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonate. Pediatr Res 38: 312-318[Abstract].
- Bonati M, Latini R, Galletti F, Young JF, Tognoni G and Garattini S (1982) Caffeine disposition after oral doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32: 98-106[Medline].
- Bonati M, Latini R, Tognoni G, Young JF and Garattini S (1984-5) Interspecies comparison of in vivo caffeine pharmacokinetics in man, monkey, rabbit, rat and mouse. Drug Metab Rev 15:1355-1383.
- Bonci A and Williams JT (1996) A common mechanism mediates long-term changes in synaptic transmission after chronic cocaine and morphine. Neuron 16: 631-639[Medline].
- Bonnet MH and Arand DL (1992) Caffeine use as a model of acute and chronic insomnia. Sleep 15: 526-536[Medline].
- Bonnet MH and Arand DL (1996) Metabolic rate and the restorative function of sleep. Physiol Behav 59: 777-782[Medline].
- Boulenger JP, Salem N, Jr, Marangos PJ and Uhde TW (1987) Plasma adenosine levels: measurement in humans and relationship to the anxiogenic effects of caffeine. Psychiatry Res 21: 247-255[Medline].
- Boulenger JP, Uhde TW, Wolff EA and Post RM (1984) Increased sensitivity to caffeine in patients with panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 1067-1071[Abstract].
- Brauer LH, Buican B and de Wit H (1994) Effects of caffeine deprivation on taste and mood. Behav Pharmacol 5: 111-118[Medline].
- Brazier JL, Ritter J, Berland M, Khenfer D and Faucon G (1983) Pharmacokinetics of caffeine during and after pregnancy. Dev Pharmacol Ther 6: 315-322[Medline].
- Breiter HC, Gollub RL, Weisskoff RM, Kennedy DN, Makris N, Berke JD, Goodman JM, Kantor HL, Gastfriend DR, Riorden JP, Mathew RT, Rosen BR and Hyman SE (1997) Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 19: 591-611[Medline].
- Brockwell NT, Eikelboom R and Beninger RJ (1991) Caffeine-induced place and taste conditioning: production of dose-dependent preference and aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38: 513-517[Medline].
- Broughton R and Roberts J (1985) A survey of subjective sleep measures and performance in working adults. Sleep Res 14: 89.
- Brown CR and Benowitz NL (1989) Caffeine and cigarette smoking: behavioral, cardiovascular, and metabolic interactions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 34: 565-570[Medline].
- Brown SJ, Gill R, Evenden JL, Iversen SD and Richardson PJ (1991) Striatal A2 receptor regulates apomorphine-induced turning in rats with unilateral dopamine denervation. Psychopharmacology Ser (Berl) 103: 78-82.
- Bruce M and Lader M (1986) Caffeine: Clinical and experimental effects in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 1: 63-82.
- Bruce MS, Scott NR, Shine P and Lader M (1991) Caffeine withdrawal: A contrast of withdrawal symptoms in normal subjects who have abstained from caffeine for 24 hours and for 7 days. J Psychopharmacol 5: 129-134.
- Brundege JM and Dunwiddie TV (1995) The role of acetate as a potential mediator of the effects of ethanol in the brain. Neurosci Lett 186: 214-218[Medline].
- Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Hughes JR and Bickel WK (1993) Nicotine and caffeine use in cocaine-dependent individuals. J Subst Abuse 5: 117-130[Medline].
- Caine SB and Koob GF (1993) Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors. Science 260: 1814-1816[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Calabresi P, Lacey MG and North RA (1989) Nicotinic excitation of rat ventral tegmental neurones in vitro studied by intracellular recording. Br J Pharmacol 98: 135-140[Medline].
- Cameron OG, Modell JG and Hariharan M (1990) Caffeine and human cerebral blood flow: A positron emission tomography study. Life Sci 47: 1141-1146[Medline].
- Carlezon WA, Jr and Wise RA (1996) Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. J Neurosci 16: 3112-3122[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Carmichael FJ, Israel Y, Crawford M, Minhas K, Saldivia V, Sandrin S, Campisi P and Orrego H (1991) Central nervous system effects of acetate: Contribution to the central effects of ethanol. J Pharmcol Exp Ther 259: 403-408[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Carmichael FJ, Saldivia V, Varghese GA, Israel Y and Orrego H (1988) Ethanol-induced increase in portal blood flow: Role of acetate and A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. Am J Physiol 255: G417-G423[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Carney JM (1982) Effects of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine on scheduled controlled responding in rats. Br J Pharmacol 75: 451-454[Medline].
- Carney JM, Holloway FA and Modrow HE (1985) Discriminative stimulus properties of methylxanthines and their metabolites in rats. Life Sci 36: 913-920[Medline].
- Carrier O, Pons G, Rey E, Richard MO, Moran C, Badoual J and Olive G (1988) Maturation of caffeine metabolic pathways in infancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 44: 145-151[Medline].
- Carroll ME, Hagen EW, Asencio M and Brauer LH (1988) Behavioral dependence on caffeine and phencyclidine in rhesus monkeys: interactive effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 31: 927-932[Medline].
- Carter AJ, O'Connor WT, Carter MJ and Ungerstedt U (1995) Caffeine enhances acetylcholine release in the hippocampus in vivo by a selective interaction with adenosine A1 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 273: 637-642[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Casas M, Ferré S, Cobos A, Grau JM and Jané F (1989) Relationship between rotational behaviour induced by apomorphine and caffeine in rats with unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Neuropharmacology 28: 407-409[Medline].
- Chagoya de Sanchez V (1995) Circadian variations of adenosine and of its metabolism: Could adenosine be a molecular oscillator for circadian rhythms? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 73: 339-355[Medline].
- Chagoya de Sanchez V, Hernandez Munoz R, Suarez J, Vidrio S, Yanez L and Diaz Munoz M (1993) Day-night variations of adenosine and its metabolizing enzymes in the brain cortex of the rat: Possible physiological significance for the energetic homeostasis and the sleep-wake cycle. Brain Res 612: 115-121[Medline].
- Chait LD and Griffiths RR (1983) Effects of caffeine on cigarette smoking and subjective response. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34: 612-622[Medline].
- Chait LD and Johanson CE (1988) Discriminative stimulus effects of caffeine and benzphetamine in amphetamine-trained volunteers. Psychopharmacology 96: 302-308[Medline].
- Chang PP, Ford DE, Mead LA, Cooper-Patrick L and Klag MJ (1997) Insomnia in young men and subsequent depression: The Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Am J Epidemiol 146: 105-114[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Charney DS, Galloway MP and Heninger GR (1984) The effects of caffeine on plasma MHPG, subjective anxiety, autonomic symptoms and blood pressure in healthy humans. Life Sci 35: 135-144[Medline].
- Charney DS, Heninger GR and Jatlow PI (1985) Increased anxiogenic effects of caffeine in panic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 233-243[Abstract].
- Chavez-Noriega LE and Stevens CF (1994) Increased transmitter release at excitatory synapses produced by direct activation of adenylate cyclase in rat hippocampal slices. J Neurosci 14: 310-317[Abstract].
- Cherek DR, Steinberg JL and Brauchi JT (1983) Effects of caffeine on human aggressive behavior. Psychiatry Res 8: 137-145[Medline].
- Chergui K, Nomikos GG, Mathé JM, Gonon F and Svensson TH (1996) Burst stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle selectively increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in the limbic forebrain of the rat. Neuroscience 72: 141-156[Medline].
- Chergui K, Suaud-Chagny MF and Gonon F (1994) Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow, dopamine release and dopamine elimination in the rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience 62: 641-645[Medline].
- Chergui K, Svenningsson P, Nomikos GG, Gonon F, Fredholm BB and Svensson TH (1997) Increased expression of NGFI-A mRNA in the rat striatum following burst stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. J Neurosci 9: 2370-2382.
- Chern Y, Lai HL, Fong JC and Liang Y (1993) Multiple mechanisms for desensitization of A2a adenosine receptor-mediated cAMP elevation in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Mol Pharmacol 44: 950-958[Abstract].
- Choi OH, Shamim MT, Padgett WL and Daly JW (1988) Caffeine and theophylline analogues: Correlation of behavioral effects with activity as adenosine receptor antagonists and as phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Life Sci 43: 387-398[Medline].
- Chung WG and Cha YN (1997) Oxidation of caffeine to theobromine and theophylline is catalyzed primarily by flavin-containing monooxygenase in liver microsomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235: 685-688[Medline].
- Cines BM and Rozin P (1982) Some aspects of the liking for hot coffee and coffee flavor. Appetite 3: 23-34[Medline].
- Clark M and Dar MS (1991) In vitro autoradiographic evidence for adenosine modulation of ethanol-induced motor disturbances in rats. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 1: 203-206[Medline].
- Cole AJ, Bhat RV, Patt C, Worley PF and Baraban JM (1992) D1 dopamine receptor activation of multiple transcription factor genes in rat striatum. J Neurochem 58: 1420-1426[Medline].
- Cole DG and Di Figlia M (1994) Reserpine increases Fos activity in the rat basal ganglia via a quinpirole-sensitive mechanism. Neuroscience 60: 115-123[Medline].
- Collins RJ, Weeks JR, Cooper MM, Good PI and Russell RR (1984) Prediction of abuse liability of drugs using IV self-administration by rats. Psychopharmacology 82: 6-13[Medline].
- Colton T, Gosselin RE and Smith RP (1968) The tolerance of coffee drinkers to caffeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 9: 31-39[Medline].
- Comer SD, Haney M, Foltin RW and Fischman MW (1997) Effects of caffeine withdrawal on humans living in a residential laboratory. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 399-403.[Medline]
- Conlay LA, Conant JA, deBros F and Wurtman R (1997) Caffeine alters plasma adenosine levels. Nature 389: 136[Medline].
- Cook CE, Tallent CR, Amerson EW, Myers MW, Kepler JA, Taylor GF and Christensen HD (1976) Caffeine in plasma and saliva by a radioimmunoassay procedure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 199: 679-686[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Couturier EG, Laman DM, van Duijn MA and van Duijn H (1997) Influence of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on headache and cerebral blood flow velocities. Cephalalgia 17: 188-190[Medline].
- Cunha RA, Johansson B, Constantino MD, Sebastiao AM and Fredholm BB (1996) Evidence for high-affinity binding sites for the adenosine A2A receptor agonist [3H] CGS 21680 in the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex that are different from striatal A2A receptors. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 353: 261-271[Medline].
- Curatolo PW and Robertson D (1983) The health consequences of caffeine. Ann Intern Med 98: 641-653[Medline].
- Curless R, French JM, James OF and Wynne HA (1993) Is caffeine a factor in subjective insomnia of elderly people? Age Ageing 22: 41-45[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Daly JW (1993) Mechanism of action of caffeine, in Caffeine, Coffee, and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 97-150, Raven Press, New York.
- Daly JW, Padgett WL, Secunda SI, Thompson RD and Olsson RA (1993) Structure-activity relationships for 2-substituted adenosines at A1 and A2 adenosine receptors. Pharmacology 46: 91-100[Medline].
- D'Amicis A and Viani R (1993) The consumption of coffee, in Caffeine, Coffee and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 1-16, Raven Press, New York.
- Dar MS (1990) Central adenosinergic system involvement in ethanol-induced motor incoordination in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255: 1202-1209[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Dar MS and Clark M (1992) Tolerance to adenosine's accentuation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination in ethanol-tolerant mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16: 1138-1146[Medline].
- Dasgupta S, Li XM, Jansson A, Finnman UB, Matsui T, Rinken A, Arenas E, Agnati LF and Fuxe K (1996) Regulation of dopamine D2 receptor affinity by cholecystokinin octapeptide in fibroblast cells cotransfected with human CCKB and D2L receptor cDNAs. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36: 292-299[Medline].
- de Groot RP, Auwerx J, Karperien M, Staels B and Kruijer W (1991) Activation of junB by PKC and PKA signal transduction through a novel cis-acting element. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 775-781[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Debry G (1994) Coffee and Health (Debry G ed) pp 1-538, John Libbey, Paris.
- Deckert J, Nothen MM, Bryant SP, Schuffenhauer S, Schofield PR, Spurr NK and Propping P (1997) Mapping of the human adenosine A2a receptor gene: Relationship to potential schizophrenia loci on chromosome 22q and exclusion from the CATCH 22 region. Hum Genet 99: 326-328[Medline].
- DeMet E, Stein MK, Tran C, Chicz-DeMet A, Sangdahl C and Nelson J (1989) Caffeine taste test for panic disorder: Adenosine receptor supersensitivity. Psychiatry Res 30: 231-242[Medline].
- Denaro CP, Brown CR, Jacob P, 3rd and Benowitz NL (1991) Effects of caffeine with repeated dosing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40: 273-278[Medline].
- Deneau G, Yanagita T and Seevers MH (1969) Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey. Psychopharmacologia 16: 30-48.
- Dews PB (1982) Caffeine. Annu Rev Nutr 2: 323-341[Medline].
- Diamond I and Gordon AS (1994) The role of adenosine in mediating cellular and molecular responses to ethanol. EXS (Basel) 71: 175-183.[Medline]
- Di Chiara G (1995) The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug Alcohol Depend 38: 95-137[Medline].
- Dixon AK, Gubitz AK, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Richardson PJ and Freeman TC (1996) Tissue distribution of adenosine receptor mRNAs in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 118: 1461-1468[Medline].
- Dreisbach RH and Pfeiffer C (1943) Caffeine withdrawal headache. J Lab Clin Med 28: 1212-1219.
- Dunwiddie TV (1980) Endogenously released adenosine regulates excitability in the in vitro hippocampus. Epilepsia 21: 541-548[Medline].
- Dunwiddie TV (1985) The physiological role of adenosine in the central nervous system. Int Rev Neurobiol 27: 63-139[Medline].
- Dunwiddie TV, Hoffer BJ and Fredholm BB (1981) Alkylxanthines elevate hippocampal excitability. Evidence for a role of endogenous adenosine. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 316: 326-330[Medline].
- Dux E, Fastbom J, Ungerstedt U, Rudolphi K and Fredholm BB (1990) Protective effect of adenosine and a novel xanthine derivative propentofylline on the cell damage after bilateral carotid occlusion in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res 516: 248-256[Medline].
- Dworkin SI, Vrana SL, Broadbent J and Robinson JH (1993) Comparing the reinforcing effects of nicotine, caffeine, methylphenidate and caffeine. Med Chem Res 2: 593-602.
- Eaton WW and McLeod J (1984) Consumption of coffee or tea and symptoms of anxiety. Am J Public Health 74: 66-68[Abstract].
- Edelstein BA, Keaton-Brasted C and Burg MM (1984) Effects of caffeine withdrawal on nocturnal enuresis, insomnia, and behavior restraints. J Consult Clin Psychol 52: 857-862[Medline].
- Eichler O (1976) Zentrale Wirkung, in Kaffee und Coffein (Eichler O ed) pp 65-102, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
- Ellison CR, Singer MR, Moore LL, Nguyen USDT, Garrahie E and Maror JK (1995) Current caffeine intake in young children: Amounts and sources. J Am Diet Assoc 95: 802-804[Medline].
- Estler CJ (1982) Caffeine, in Psychoptropic Agents, Part III: Alcohol and Psychotomimetics: Psychotropic Effects of Central Acting Drugs (Hoffmeister F andStille G eds) pp 369-389, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
- Estler C-J (1976) Stoffwechsel Einzelner Organe, in Kaffee und Coffein (Eichler O ed) pp 183-213, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
- Evans SM, Critchfield TS and Griffiths RR (1994) Caffeine reinforcement demonstrated in a majority of caffeine users. Behav Pharmacol 5: 231-238[Medline].
- Evans SM and Griffiths RR (1991) Dose-related caffeine discrimination in normal volunteers: Individual differences in subjective effects and self-reported cues. Behav Pharmacol 2: 345-356[Medline].
- Evans SM and Griffiths RR (1992) Caffeine tolerance and choice in humans. Psychopharmacology 108: 51-59[Medline].
- Falk JL, Zhang J, Chen R and Lau CE (1994) A schedule induction probe technique for evaluating abuse potential: Comparison of ethanol, nicotine and caffeine, and caffeine-midazolam interaction. Behav Pharmacol 5: 513-520[Medline].
- Fastbom J, Pazos A and Palacios JM (1987) The distribution of adenosine A1 receptors and 5'-nucleotidase in the brain of some commonly used experimental animals. Neuroscience 22: 813-826[Medline].
- Fennelly M, Galletly DC and Purdie GI (1991) Is caffeine withdrawal the mechanism of postoperative headache? Anesth Analg 72: 449-453[Abstract].
- Fenu S, Pinna A, Ongini E and Morelli M (1997) Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism potentiates L-DOPA-induced turning behaviour and c-fos expression in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 321: 143-147[Medline].
- Fernström JD and Fernström MH (1984) Effects of caffeine on monoamine neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous system, in Caffeine: Perspectives from Recent Research (Dews PB ed) pp 107-118, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
- Ferré S, Fredholm BB, Morelli M, Popoli P and Fuxe K (1997) Adenosine-dopamine receptor-receptor interactions as an integrative mechanism in the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci 20: 482-487[Medline].
- Ferré S, Fuxe K, von Euler G, Johansson B and Fredholm BB (1992) Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain. Neuroscience 51: 501-512[Medline].
- Ferré S, O'Connor WT, Fuxe K and Ungerstedt U (1993) The striopallidal neuron: A main locus for adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain. J Neurosci 13: 5402-5406[Abstract].
- Ferré S, O'Connor WT, Svenningsson P, Björklund L, Lindberg J, Tinner B, Strömberg I, Goldstein M, Ögren SO, Ungerstedt U, Fredholm BB and Fuxe K (1996) Dopamine D1 receptor-mediated facilitation of GABAergic neurotransmission in the rat strioentopenduncular pathway and its modulation by adenosine A1 receptor-mediated mechanisms. Eur J Neurosci 8: 1545-1553[Medline].
- Ferré S, Popoli P, Gimenez-Llort L, Finnman UB, Martinez E, Scotti de Carolis A and Fuxe K (1994) Postsynaptic antagonistic interaction between adenosine A1 and dopamine D1 receptors. Neuroreport 6: 73-76[Medline].
- Ferré S, Torvinen M, Antoniou K, Irenius E, Civelli O, Arenas E, Fredholm BB and Fuxe K (1998) Adenosine A1 receptor-mediated modulation of dopamine D1 receptors in stably cotransfected fibroblast cells. J Biol Chem 273: 4718-4724[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Ferré S, von Euler G, Johansson B, Fredholm BB and Fuxe K (1991) Stimulation of high-affinity adenosine A2 receptors decreases the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors in rat striatal membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7238-7241[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Fink JS, Weaver DR, Rivkees SA, Peterfreund RA, Pollack AE, Adler EM and Reppert SM (1992) Molecular cloning of the rat A2 adenosine receptor: Selective co-expression with D2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 14: 186-195[Medline].
- Finn IB and Holtzman SG (1986) Tolerance to caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 238: 542-546[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Finn IB and Holtzman SG (1987) Pharmacologic specificity of tolerance to caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity. Psychopharmacology 93: 428-434[Medline].
- Foltin RW, Kelly TH and Fischman MW (1995) Effect of amphetamine on human macronutrient intake. Physiol Behav 58: 899-907[Medline].
- Fox PT and Raichle ME (1986) Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1140-1144[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Fox PT, Raichle ME, Mintun MA and Dence C (1988) Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity. Science 241: 462-464[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Franks HM, Hagedorn H, Hensley VR, Hensley WJ and Starmer GA (1975) The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. Psychopharmacologia 45: 177-181.
- Fredholm BB (1977) Activation of adenylate cyclase from rat striatum and tuberculum olfactorium by adenosine. Med Biol 55: 262-267[Medline].
- Fredholm BB (1980) Are methylxanthine effects due to antagonism of endogenous adenosine? Trends Pharmacol Sci 1: 129-132.
- Fredholm BB (1982) Adenosine actions and adenosine receptors after 1 week treatment with caffeine. Acta Physiol Scand 115: 283-286[Medline].
- Fredholm BB (1993) Presynaptic regulation of hippocampal acetylcholine release is unaffected by calcium channel blockers and intracellular calcium chelation. Acta Physiol Scand 147: 461-463[Medline].
- Fredholm BB (1995) Astra Award Lecture. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine. Pharmacol Toxicol 76: 93-101[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G, Daly JW, Harden TK, Jacobson KA, Leff P and Williams M (1994a) Nomenclature and classification of purinoceptors. Pharmacol Rev 46: 143-156[Free Full Text].
- Fredholm BB and Dunwiddie TV (1988) How does adenosine inhibit transmitter release? Trends Pharmacol Sci 9: 130-134[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Fuxe K and Agnati L (1976) Effect of some phosphodiesterase inhibitors on central dopamine mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 38: 31-38[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Hedqvist P (1980) Modulation of neurotransmission by purine nucleotides and nucleosides. Biochem Pharmacol 29: 1635-1643[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Hedqvist P and Vernet L (1978) Effect of theophylline and other drugs on rabbit renal cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase. Biochem Pharmacol 27: 2845-2850[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Herrera-Marschitz M, Jonzon B, Lindström K and Ungerstedt U (1983) On the mechanism by which methylxanthines enhance apomorphine-induced rotation behaviour in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 19: 535-541[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Hu PS (1993) Effect of an intracellular calcium chelator on the regulation of electrically evoked [3H]-noradrenaline release from rat hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol 108: 126-131[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Johansson B, Lindström K and Wahlström G (1998) Age-dependent changes in adenosine receptors are not modified by life-long intermittent alcohol administration. Brain Res. 791: 177-185[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Jonzon B (1988) Adenosine receptors: Agonists and antagonists, in Role of Adenosine in Cerebral Metabolism and Circulation (Stefanovich V andOkayayoz-Baklouti I eds) pp 17-46, VSP BV, Utrecht.
- Fredholm BB, Jonzon B and Lindgren E (1984) Changes in noradrenaline release and in beta receptor number in rat hippocampus following long-term treatment with theophylline or L-phenylisopropyladenosine. Acta Physiol Scand 122: 55-59[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Lerner U (1982) Metabolism of adenosine and 2'-deoxy-adenosine by fetal mouse calvaria in culture. Med Biol 60: 267-271[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Lindgren E (1983) Inhibition of soluble 5'-nucleotidase from rat brain by different xanthine derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 32: 2832-2834[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Lindström K and Wallman-Johansson A (1994b) Propentofylline and other adenosine transport inhibitors increase the efflux of adenosine following electrical or metabolic stimulation of rat hippocampal slices. J Neurochem 62: 563-573[Medline].
- Fredholm BB and Wallman-Johansson A (1996) Effects of ethanol and acetate on adenosine production in rat hippocampal slices. Pharmacol Toxicol 79: 120-123[Medline].
- Fredholm BB, Zahniser NR, Weiner GR, Proctor WR and Dunwiddie TV (1985) Behavioural sensitivity to PIA in selectively bred mice is related to a number of A1 adenosine receptors but not to cyclic AMP accumulation in brain slices. Eur J Pharmacol 111: 133-136[Medline].
- Fudin R and Nicastro R (1988) Can caffeine antagonize alcohol-induced performance decrements in humans? Percept Mot Skills 67: 375-391[Medline].
- Fuhr U, Rost KL, Engelhardt R, Sachs M, Liermann D, Belloc C, Beaune P, Janezic S, Grant D, Meyer UA and Staib AH (1996) Evaluation of caffeine as a test drug for CYP1A2, NAT2 and CYP2E1 phenotyping in man by in vivo versus in vitro correlations. Pharmacogenetics 6: 159-176[Medline].
- Fuxe K and Ungerstedt U (1974) Action of caffeine and theophyllamine on supersensitive dopamine receptors: Considerable enhancement of receptor response to treatment with DOPA and dopamine receptor agonists. Med Biol 52: 48-54[Medline].
- Garrett BE and Griffiths RR (1998) Physical dependence increases the relative reinforcing effects of caffeine versus placebo. Psychopharmacology 139: 195-202[Medline].
- Garrett BE and Holtzman SG (1994a) Caffeine cross-tolerance to selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor agonists but not to their synergistic interaction. Eur J Pharmacol 262: 65-75[Medline].
- Garrett BE and Holtzman SG (1994b) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists block caffeine-induced stimulation of locomotor activity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47: 89-94[Medline].
- Garrett BE and Holtzman SG (1995) Does adenosine receptor blockade mediate caffeine-induced rotational behavior? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274: 207-214[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Gauvin DV, Craido JR, Moore KR and Holloway FA (1990) Potentiation of cocaine's discriminative effects by caffeine: A time-effect analysis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 36: 195-197[Medline].
- Gauvin DV, Harland RD, Michaelis RC and Holloway FA (1989) Caffeine-phenylethylamine combinations mimic the cocaine discriminative cue. Life Sci 44: 67-73[Medline].
- Georgiev V, Johansson B and Fredholm BB (1993) Long-term caffeine treatment leads to a decreased susceptibility to NMDA-induced clonic seizures in mice without changes in adenosine A1 receptor number. Brain Res 612: 271-277[Medline].
- Gerfen CR (1992) The neostriatal mosaic: Multiple levels of compartmental organization in the basal ganglia. Annu Rev Neurosci 15: 285-320[Medline].
- Ghelardini C, Galeotti N and Bartolini A (1997) Caffeine induces central cholinergic analgesia. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 356: 590-595[Medline].
- Gilbert RM (1976) Caffeine as a drug of abuse, in Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems (Gibbins RJ, Israel Y, Popham RE, Schmidt W andSmart RG eds) pp 49-176, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Gilbert RM (1981) Caffeine, overview and anthology, in Nutrition and Behavior (Miller SA ed) pp 145-166, Franklin Institute Press, Philadelphia.
- Gilbert RM (1984) Caffeine consumption, in The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption, and Health Effects (Spiller GA ed) pp 185-213, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
- Gilliland K and Bullock W (1984) Caffeine: A potential drug of abuse. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 3: 53-73.
- Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM and Caron MG (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379: 606-612[Medline].
- Goldberg SR and Henningfield JE (1988) Reinforcing effects of nicotine in humans and experimental animals responding under intermittent schedules of i.v. drug injection. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30: 227-234[Medline].
- Goldstein A and Kaizer S (1969) Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man: 3. A questionnaire survey of coffee drinking and its effects in a group of housewives. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10: 477-488[Medline].
- Goldstein A, Kaizer S and Warren R (1965) Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man: II. Alertness, psychomotor coordination, and mood. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 150: 146-151[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Goldstein A, Kaizer S and Whitby O (1969) Psychotropic effects of caffeine in man: IV. Quantitative and qualitative differences associated with habituation to coffee. Clin Pharmacol Ther 10: 489-497[Medline].
- Goldstein A and Wallace ME (1997) Caffeine dependence in schoolchildren? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 388-392.[Medline]
- Gonon F and Sundström L (1996) Excitatory effects of dopamine released by impulse flow in the rat nucleus accumbens in vivo. Neuroscience 75: 13-18[Medline].
- Goodman RR and Snyder SH (1982) Autoradiographic localization of adenosine receptors in rat brain using [3H]cyclohexyladenosine. J Neurosci 2: 1230-1241[Abstract].
- Graham HN (1984a) Maté, in The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption, and Health Effects (Spiller GA ed) pp 179-183, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
- Graham HN (1984b) Tea: The plant and its manufacture; chemistry and consumption of the beverage, in The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption, and Health Effects (Spiller GA ed) pp 29-74, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
- Grant SJ and Redmond DE, Jr (1982) Methylxanthine activation of noradrenergic unit activity and reversal by clonidine. Eur J Pharmacol 85: 105-109[Medline].
- Graybiel AM, Aosaki T, Flaherty AW and Kimura M (1994) The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control. Science 265: 1826-1831[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Greden JF (1974) Anxiety or caffeinism: A diagnostic dilemma. Am J Psychiatry 131: 1089-1092[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Green RD, Proudfit HK and Yeung SM (1982) Modulation of striatal dopaminergic function by local injection of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine. Science 218: 58-61[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Greene RW, Haas HL and Hermann A (1985) Effects of caffeine on hippocampal pyramidal cells in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 85: 163-169[Medline].
- Greenland S (1993) A meta-analysis of coffee, myocardial infarction, and coronary death. Epidemiology 4: 366-374[Medline].
- Griebel G, Saffroy-Spittler M, Misslin R, Remmy D, Vogel E and Bourguignon JJ (1991) Comparison of the behavioural effects of an adenosine A1/A2-receptor antagonist, CGS 15943A, and an A1-selective antagonist, DPCPX. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 103: 541-544[Medline].
- Griffiths RR, Bigelow G and Liebson I (1979) Human drug self-administration: Double-blind comparison of pentobarbital, diazepam, chlorpromazine and placebo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 210: 301-310[Free Full Text].
- Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE and Liebson IA (1989) Reinforcing effects of caffeine in coffee and capsules. J Exp Anal Behav 52: 127-140[Medline].
- Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE and Liebson IA (1986a) Human coffee drinking: Reinforcing and physical dependence producing effects of caffeine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239: 416-425[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Griffiths RR, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, O'Keeffe M, O'Leary D and Russ N (1986b) Human coffee drinking: Manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose. J Exp Anal Behav 45: 133-148[Medline].
- Griffiths RR, Evans SM, Heishman SJ, Preston KL, Sannerud CA, Wolf B and Woodson PP (1990) Low-dose caffeine discrimination in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252: 970-978[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Griffiths RR and Mumford GK (1995) Caffeine
A drug of abuse?, in Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (Bloom FE andKupfer DJ eds) pp 1699-1713, Raven Press, New York.
- Griffiths RR and Mumford GK (1996) Caffeine reinforcement, discrimination, tolerance and physical dependence in laboratory animals and humans, in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Schuster CR andKuhar MJ eds) pp 315-341, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
- Griffiths RR and Woodson PP (1988a) Reinforcing effects of caffeine in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246: 21-29[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Griffiths RR and Woodson PP (1988b) Reinforcing properties of caffeine: Studies in humans and laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29: 419-427[Medline].
- Griffiths RR and Woodson PP (1988c) Caffeine physical dependence: A review of human and laboratory animal studies. Psychopharmacology 94: 437-451[Medline].
- Hadfield MG and Milio C (1989) Caffeine and regional brain monoamine utilization in mice. Life Sci 45: 2637-2644[Medline].
- Hampl KF, Schneider MC, Ruttimann U, Ummenhofer W and Drewe J (1995) Perioperative administration of caffeine tablets for prevention of postoperative headaches. Can J Anaesth 42: 789-792[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Harland RD, Gauvin DV, Michaelis RC, Carney JM, Seale TW and Holloway FA (1989) Behavioral interaction between cocaine and caffeine: A drug discrimination analysis in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32: 1017-1023[Medline].
- Hart P, Farrell GC, Cooksley WG and Powell LW (1976) Enhanced drug metabolism in cigarette smokers. Br Med J 2: 147-149[Medline].
- Harvey J and Lacey MG (1997) A postsynaptic interaction between dopamine D1 and NMDA receptors promotes presynaptic inhibition in the rat nucleus accumbens via adenosine release. J Neurosci 17: 5271-5280[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Hasenfratz M and Bättig K (1992) Action profiles of smoking and caffeine: Stroop effect, EEG, and peripheral physiology. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 42: 155-161[Medline].
- Hasenfratz M, Bunge A, Dal Pra G and Bättig K (1993) Antagonistic effects of caffeine and alcohol on mental performance parameters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46: 463-465[Medline].
- Hasenfratz M, Buzzini P, Cheda P and Bättig K (1994) Temporal relationships of the effects of caffeine and alcohol on rapid information processing. Pharmacopsychoecologia 7: 87-96.
- Hasenfratz M, Jaquet F, Aeschbach D and Bättig K (1991) Interactions of smoking and lunch with the effects of caffeine on cardiovascular functions and information processing. Hum Psychopharmacol 6: 277-284.
- Hauber W and Koch M (1997) Adenosine A2a receptors in the nucleus accumbens modulate prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuroreport 8: 1515-1518[Medline].
- Hauber W and Münkle M (1997) Motor depressant effects mediated by dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate-putamen. Eur J Pharmacol 323: 127-131[Medline].
- Hedqvist P and Fredholm BB (1976) Effects of adenosine on adrenergic neurotransmission; prejunctional inhibition and postjunctional enhancement. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 293: 217-223[Medline].
- Hedqvist P, Fredholm BB and Ölundh S (1978) Antagonistic effects of theophylline and adenosine on adrenergic neuroeffector transmission in the rabbit kidney. Circ Res 43: 592-598[Abstract].
- Heimer L, Alheid GF and Zaborszky L (1985) Basal ganglia, in The Rat Nervous System (Paxinos G ed) pp 37-86, Academic Press, Marrickville, NSW, Australia.
- Heishman SJ and Henningfield JE (1994) Is caffeine a drug of dependence? Criteria and comparisons. Pharmacopsychoecologia 7: 127-136.
- Henry DJ and White FJ (1995) The persistence of behavioral sensitization to cocaine parallels enhanced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons. J Neurosci 15: 6287-6299[Abstract].
- Heppner CC, Kemble ED and Cox WM (1986) Effects of food deprivation on caffeine consumption in male and female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 24: 1555-1559[Medline].
- Herrera-Marschitz M, Casas M and Ungerstedt U (1988) Caffeine produces contralateral rotation in rats with unilateral dopamine denervation: Comparisons with apomorphine-induced responses. Psychopharmacology 94: 38-45[Medline].
- Hicks RA, Hicks GJ, Reyes JR and Cheers Y (1983) Daily caffeine use and the sleep of college students. Bull Psychon Soc 21: 24-25.
- Hirsh K (1984) Central nervous system pharmacology of the methylxanthines, in The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Composition and Health Effects (Spiller GA ed) pp 235-301, Alan R. Liss, New York.
- Höfer I and Bättig K (1993) Coffee consumption, blood pressure tonus and reactivity to physical challenge in 338 women. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44: 573-576[Medline].
- Höfer I and Bättig K (1994a) Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48: 899-908[Medline].
- Höfer I and Bättig K (1994b) Psychophysiological effects of switching to caffeine tablets or decaffeinated coffee under field conditions. Pharmacopsychoecologia 7: 169-177.
- Hoffmeister F and Wuttke W (1973) Self-administration of acetylsalicylic acid and combinations with codeine and caffeine in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 186: 266-275[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Holloway WR, Jr and Thor DH (1983) Caffeine and social investigation in the adult male rat. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol 5: 119-125[Medline].
- Holloway FA, Modrow HE and Michaelis RC (1985) Methylxanthine discrimination in the rat: Possible benzodiazepine and adenosine mechanisms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 22: 815-824[Medline].
- Holtzman SG (1983) Complete, reversible, drug-specific tolerance to stimulation of locomotor activity by caffeine. Life Sci 33: 779-787[Medline].
- Holtzman SG (1986) Discriminative stimulus properties of caffeine in the rat: Noradrenergic mediation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 239: 706-714[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Holtzman SG (1990) Caffeine as a model drug of abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 355-356[Medline].
- Holtzman SG (1996) Discriminative effects of CGS 15943, a competitive adenosine receptor antagonist, in monkeys: Comparison to methylxanthines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277: 739-746[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Holtzman SG and Finn IB (1988) Tolerance to behavioral effects of caffeine in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29: 411-418[Medline].
- Holtzman SG, Mante S and Minneman KP (1991) Role of adenosine receptors in caffeine tolerance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 256: 62-68[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Horger BA, Wellman PJ, Morien A, Davies BT and Schenk S (1991) Caffeine exposure sensitizes rats to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Neuroreport 2: 53-56[Medline].
- Horne JA and Reyner LA (1996) Counteracting driver sleepiness: Effects of napping, caffeine, and placebo. Psychophysiology 33: 306-309[Medline].
- Howell LL, Coffin VL and Spealman RD (1997) Behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology 129: 1-14[Medline].
- Hughes JR, Hunt WK, Higgins ST, Bickel WK, Fenwick JW and Pepper SL (1992a) Effect of dose on the ability of caffeine to serve as a reinforcer in humans. Behav Pharmacol 3: 221-218.
- Hughes JR and Oliveto AH (1997) A systematic survey of caffeine intake in Vermont. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 393-398.[Medline]
- Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Bickel WK, Higgins ST and Badger GJ (1993) Caffeine self-administration and withdrawal: Incidence, individual differences and interrelationships. Drug Alcohol Depend 32: 239-246[Medline].
- Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Helzer JE, Higgins ST and Bickel WK (1992b) Should caffeine abuse, dependence, or withdrawal be added to DSM-IV and ICD-10? Am J Psychiatry 149: 33-40[Abstract].
- Hughes JR, Oliveto AH, Liguori A, Carpenter J and Howard T (1998) Endorsement of DSM-IV dependence criteria among caffeine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 52: 99-107[Medline].
- Hughes RN (1996) Drugs which induce anxiety: Caffeine. New Zeal J Psychol 25: 36-42.
- Huston JP, Haas HL, Boix F, Pfister M, Decking U, Schrader J and Schwarting RK (1996) Extracellular adenosine levels in neostriatum and hippocampus during rest and activity periods of rats. Neuroscience 73: 99-107[Medline].
- Hyman SE (1996) Addiction to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron 16: 901-904[Medline].
- IARC Working Group (1991) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Coffee, Tea, Maté, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.
- Ikeda GJ, Sapienza PP, McGinnis ML, Bragg LE, Walsh JJ and Collins TF (1982) Blood levels of caffeine and results of fetal examination after oral administration of caffeine to pregnant rats. J Appl Toxicol 2: 307-314[Medline].
- Ikemoto S, Glazier BS, Murphy JM and McBride WJ (1997) Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in mediating reward. J Neurosci 17: 8580-8587[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Istvan J and Matarazzo JD (1984) Tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine use: A review of their interrelationships. Psychol Bull 95: 301-326[Medline].
- Jaber M, Robinson SW, Missale C and Caron MG (1996) Dopamine receptors and brain function. Neuropharmacology 35: 1503-1519[Medline].
- Jacobsen BK and Hansen V (1988) Caffeine and health. Br Med J Clin Res 296: 291.
- Jacobson KA, von Lubitz DK, Daly JW and Fredholm BB (1996) Adenosine receptor ligands: Differences with acute versus chronic treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 17: 108-113[Medline].
- James JE (1991) Caffeine and Health pp 1-432, Academic Press, London.
- James JE (1994) Does caffeine enhance or merely restore degraded psychomotor performance? Neuropsychobiology 30: 124-125[Medline].
- James JE (1995) Caffeine and psychomotor performance revisited. Neuropsychobiology 31: 202-203[Medline].
- Jarvis MF and Williams M (1989) Direct autoradiographic localization of adenosine A2 receptors in the rat brain using the A2-selective agonist, [3H]CGS 21680. Eur J Pharmacol 168: 243-246[Medline].
- Jin S and Fredholm BB (1997) Adenosine A2A receptor stimulation increases release of acetylcholine from rat hippocampus but not striatum, and does not affect catecholamine release. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 355: 48-56[Medline].
- Jin S, Johansson B and Fredholm BB (1993) Effects of adenosine A1 and A2 receptor activation on electrically evoked dopamine and acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267: 801-808[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, Epping J, Zilly W and Richter E (1988) Influence of smoking on caffeine elimination in healthy volunteers and in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 8: 575-579[Medline].
- Johansson B, Ahlberg S, van der Ploeg I, Brené S, Lindefors N, Persson H and Fredholm BB (1993a) Effect of long term caffeine treatment on A1 and A2 adenosine receptor binding and on mRNA levels in rat brain. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 347: 407-414[Medline].
- Johansson B and Fredholm BB (1995) Further characterization of the binding of the adenosine receptor agonist [3H]CGS 21680 to rat brain using autoradiography. Neuropharmacology 34: 393-403[Medline].
- Johansson B, Georgiev V, Kuosmanen T and Fredholm BB (1996a) Long-term treatment with some methylxanthines decreases the susceptibility to bicuculline- and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. Relationship to c-fos expression and receptor binding. Eur J Neurosci 8: 2447-2458[Medline].
- Johansson B, Georgiev V, Parkinson FE and Fredholm BB (1993b) The binding of the adenosine A2 receptor selective agonist [3H]CGS 21680 to rat cortex differs from its binding to rat striatum. Eur J Pharmacol 247: 103-110[Medline].
- Johansson B, Lindström K and Fredholm BB (1994) Differences in the regional and cellular localization of c-fos messenger RNA induced by amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine in the rat. Neuroscience 59: 837-849[Medline].
- Johansson L, Drevon CA and Aa Bjorneboe GE (1996b) The Norwegian diet during the last hundred years in relation to coronary heart disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 50: 277-283[Medline].
- Johnson SW and North RA (1992) Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons. J Neurosci 12: 483-488[Abstract].
- Johnson SW, Seutin V and North RA (1992) Burst firing in dopamine neurons induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate: Role of electrogenic sodium pump. Science 258: 665-667[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Jonzon B and Fredholm BB (1985) Release of purines, noradrenaline and GABA from rat hippocampal slices by field stimulation. J Neurochem 44: 217-224[Medline].
- Josselyn SA and Beninger RJ (1991) Behavioral effects of intrastriatal caffeine mediated by adenosinergic modulation of dopamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39: 97-103[Medline].
- Jouvet M, Benoit O, Marsallon A and Courjon J (1957) Action de la caféine sur l'activité électrique cérébrale. C R Soc Biol 151: 1542-1545.
- Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Cotreau MM, Harmatz JS and Shader RI (1997) Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and psychomotor effects of caffeine in humans. J Clin Pharmacol 37: 693-703[Abstract].
- Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Kent MA and Cotreau-Bibbo MM (1993) Caffeine treatment and withdrawal in mice: Relationships between dosage, concentrations, locomotor activity and A1 adenosine receptor binding. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 1563-1572[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Kaplan GB, Tai NT, Greenblatt DJ and Shader RI (1990) Caffeine-induced behavioural stimulation is dose- and concentration-dependent. Br J Pharmacol 100: 435-440[Medline].
- Karler R, Calder LD, Chaudhry IA and Turkanis SA (1989) Blockade of "reverse tolerance" to cocaine and amphetamine by MK-801. Life Sci 45: 599-606[Medline].
- Katsura M, Hashimoto T and Kuriyama K (1991) Effect of 1,3-di-n-butyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)-xanthine (denbufylline) on metabolism and function of cerebral cholinergic neurons. Jpn J Pharmacol 55: 233-240[Medline].
- Kawachi I, Colditz GA and Stone CB (1994) Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta-analysis. Br Heart J 72: 269-275[Abstract].
- Kawachi I, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ and Speizer FE (1996) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women. Arch Intern Med 156: 521-525[Abstract].
- Kenemans JL and Lorist MM (1995) Caffeine and selective visual processing. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52: 461-471[Medline].
- Kerr JS, Sherwood N and Hindmarch I (1991) Separate and combined effects of the social drugs on psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology 104: 113-119[Medline].
- Khanna NN, Bada HS and Somani SM (1980) Use of salivary concentrations in the prediction of serum caffeine and theophylline concentrations in premature infants. J Pediatr 96: 494-499[Medline].
- Khanna NN and Somani SM (1984) Maternal coffee drinking and unusually high concentrations of caffeine in the newborn. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 22: 473-483[Medline].
- Kilty JE, Lorang D and Amara SG (1991) Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter. Science 254: 578-579[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Kimmel CA, Kimmel GL, White CG, Grafton TF, Young JF and Nelson CJ (1984) Blood flow changes and conceptual development in pregnant rats in response to caffeine. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4: 240-247[Medline].
- Kirk IP and Richardson PJ (1994) Adenosine A2a receptor-mediated modulation of striatal [3H]GABA and [3H]acetylcholine release. J Neurochem 62: 960-966[Medline].
- Knutti R, Rothweiler H and Schlatter C (1981) Effect of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 21: 121-126[Medline].
- Koch M and Hauber W (1998) Regulation of sensorimotor gating by interactions of dopamine and adenosine in the rat. Behav Pharmacology 9: 23-29[Medline].
- Koelega HS (1993) Stimulant drugs and vigilance performance: A review. Psychopharmacology 111: 1-16[Medline].
- Konradi C, Cole RL, Heckers S and Hyman SE (1994) Amphetamine regulates gene expression in rat striatum via transcription factor CREB. J Neurosci 14: 5623-5634[Abstract].
- Koob GF (1992) Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 177-184[Medline].
- Koob GF (1996) Drug addiction: The yin and yang of hedonic homeostasis. Neuron 16: 893-896[Medline].
- Kozlowski LT (1976) Effect of caffeine on coffee drinking. Nature 264: 354-355[Medline].
- Kull B, Arslan G, Nilsson C, Owman C, Lorenzen A, Schwabe U and Fredholm BB (1999) Differences in the order of potency for agonists at human and rat adenosine A2A receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 57: 65-75[Medline].
- Kurokawa M, Kirk IP, Kirkpatrick KA, Kase H and Richardson PJ (1994) Inhibition by KF17837 of adenosine A2A receptor-mediated modulation of striatal GABA and ACh release. Br J Pharmacol 113: 43-48[Medline].
- Kuznicki JT and Turner LS (1986) The effects of caffeine on caffeine users and non-users. Physiol Behav 37: 397-408[Medline].
- La Vecchia C (1993) Coffee and cancer epidemiology, in Caffeine, Coffee and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 379-398, Raven Press, New York.
- Lachance MP, Marlowe C and Waddell WJ (1983) Autoradiographic disposition of [1-methyl-14C]- and [2-14C]caffeine in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 71: 237-241[Medline].
- Lack LC, Müller W and Turner D (1988) A survey of sleeping difficulties in an Australian population. Community Health Studies 12: 200-207[Medline].
- Landolt HP, Dijk DJ, Gaus SE and Borbely AA (1995a) Caffeine reduces low-frequency delta activity in the human sleep EEG. Neuropsychopharmacology 12: 229-238[Medline].
- Landolt HP, Werth E, Borbely AA and Dijk DJ (1995b) Caffeine intake (200 mg) in the morning affects human sleep and EEG power spectra at night. Brain Res 675: 67-74[Medline].
- Lane JD (1996) Association of coffee drinking with cigarette smoking in the natural environment. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 409-412.
- Lane JD (1997) Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58: 203-208[Medline].
- Lau CE and Falk JL (1994) Tolerance to oral and IP caffeine: Locomotor activity and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48: 337-344[Medline].
- Lau CE and Falk JL (1995) Dose-dependent surmountability of locomotor activity in caffeine tolerance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52: 139-143[Medline].
- Le Guennec JC and Billon B (1987) Delay in caffeine elimination in breast-fed infants. Pediatrics 79: 264-268[Medline].
- Le Moine C, Svenningsson P, Fredholm BB and Bloch B (1997) Dopamine-adenosine interactions in the striatum and the globus pallidus: Inhibition of striatopallidal neurons through either D2 or A2A receptors enhances D1 receptor-mediated effects on c-fos expression. J Neurosci 17: 8038-8048[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Ledent C, Vaugeois JM, Schiffmann SN, Pedrazzini T, Elyacoubi M, Vanderhaeghen JJ, Costentin J, Heath JK, Vassart G and Parmentier M (1997) Aggressiveness, hypoalgesia and high blood pressure in mice lacking the adenosine A2A receptor. Nature 388: 674-678[Medline].
- Lee MA, Cameron OG and Greden JF (1985) Anxiety and caffeine consumption in people with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 15: 211-217[Medline].
- Levy M and Zylber-Katz E (1983) Caffeine metabolism and coffee-attributed sleep disturbances. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 770-775[Medline].
- Lieberman HR, Wurtman RJ, Emde GG and Coviella IL (1987) The effects of caffeine and aspirin on mood and performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 315-320[Medline].
- Liguori A, Hughes JR, Goldberg K and Callas P (1997) Subjective effects of oral caffeine in formerly cocaine-dependent humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 49: 17-24[Medline].
- Lindström K, Ongini E and Fredholm BB (1996) 2-Chloro-NECA and SCH 58261 discriminate between two different binding sites for CGS 21680. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 354: 539-541[Medline].
- Litovitz TL, Martin TG and Schmitz B (1987) 1986 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg Med 5: 405-445[Medline].
- Lloyd HG and Fredholm BB (1995) Involvement of adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase in regulating extracellular adenosine concentration in rat hippocampal slices. Neurochem Int 26: 387-395[Medline].
- Lloyd HG, Lindström K and Fredholm BB (1993) Intracellular formation and release of adenosine from rat hippocampal slices evoked by electrical stimulation or energy depletion. Neurochem Int 23: 173-185[Medline].
- Lopez F, Miller LG, Greenblatt DJ, Kaplan GB and Shader RI (1989) Interaction of caffeine with the GABAA receptor complex: Alterations in receptor function but not ligand binding. Eur J Pharmacol (Mol Pharmacol Sect) 172: 453-459[Medline].
- Lorist MM, Snel J and Kok A (1994) Influence of caffeine on information processing stages in well rested and fatigued subjects. Psychopharmacology 113: 411-421[Medline].
- Mahan LC, McVittie LD, Smyk-Randall EM, Nakata H, Monsma FJ, Jr, Gerfen CR and Sibley DR (1991) Cloning and expression of an A1 adenosine receptor from rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 40: 1-7[Abstract].
- Maldonado R, Saiardi A, Valverde O, Samad TA, Roques BP and Borrelli E (1997) Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 388: 586-589[Medline].
- Manber R, Bootzin RR, Acebo C and Carskadon MA (1996) The effects of regularizing sleep-wake schedules on daytime sleepiness. Sleep 19: 432-441[Medline].
- Marks V and Kelly JF (1973) Absorption of caffeine from tea, coffee, and coca cola. Lancet 1: 827[Medline].
- Mathew RJ and Wilson WH (1985) Caffeine consumption, withdrawal and cerebral blood flow. Headache 25: 305-309[Medline].
- Mayfield RD, Suzuki F and Zahniser NR (1993) Adenosine A2a receptor modulation of electrically evoked endogenous GABA release from slices of rat globus pallidus. J Neurochem 60: 2334-2337[Medline].
- McCall AL, Millington WR and Wurtman RJ (1982) Blood-brain barrier transport of caffeine: Dose-related restriction of adenine transport. Life Sci 31: 2709-2715[Medline].
- McGowan JD, Altman RE and Kanto WP, Jr (1988) Neonatal withdrawal symptoms after chronic maternal ingestion of caffeine. South Med J 81: 1092-1094[Medline].
- McPherson PS, Kim YK, Valdivia H, Knudson CM, Takekura H, Franzini-Armstrong C, Coronado R and Campbell KP (1991) The brain ryanodine receptor: A caffeine-sensitive calcium release channel. Neuron 7: 17-25[Medline].
- Mellstrom B, Achaval M, Montero D, Naranjo JR and Sassone-Corsi P (1991) Differential expression of the jun family members in rat brain. Oncogene 6: 1959-1964[Medline].
- Meng ZH, Anwer J and Dar MS (1997) The striatal adenosinergic modulation of ethanol-induced motor incoordination in rats: Possible role of chloride flux. Brain Res 776: 235-245[Medline].
- Meng ZH and Dar MS (1995) Possible role of striatal adenosine in the modulation of acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19: 892-901[Medline].
- Merchant KM and Dorsa DM (1993) Differential induction of neurotensin and c-fos gene expression by typical versus atypical antipsychotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 3447-3451[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Migliardi JR, Armellino JJ, Friedman M, Gillings DB and Beaver WT (1994) Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant in tension headache. Clin Pharmacol Ther 56: 576-586[Medline].
- Mikkelsen EJ (1978) Caffeine and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 39: 732-736[Medline].
- Milbrandt J (1987) A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible transcriptional regulatory factor. Science 238: 797-799[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Milbrandt J (1988) Nerve growth factor induces a gene homologous to the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Neuron 1: 183-188[Medline].
- Miners JO and Birkett DJ (1996) The use of caffeine as a metabolic probe for human drug metabolizing enzymes. Gen Pharmacol 27: 245-249[Medline].
- Mirenowicz J and Schultz W (1994) Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons. J Neurophysiol 72: 1024-1027[Abstract/Free Full Text].
- Mitchell SH, de Wit H and Zacny JP (1995) Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and self-administration following caffeine deprivation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51: 941-945[Medline].
- Modrow HE and Holloway FA (1985) Drug discrimination and cross generalization between two methylxanthines. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23: 425-429[Medline].
- Modrow HE, Holloway FA and Carney JM (1981) Caffeine discrimination in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 14: 683-688[Medline].
- Mogul DJ, Adams ME and Fox AP (1993) Differential activation of adenosine receptors decreases N-type but potentiates P-type Ca2+ current in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Neuron 10: 327-334[Medline].
- Mohr U, Emura M and Riebe-Imre M (1993) Experimental studies on carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of caffeine, in Caffeine, Coffee and Health (Garattini S ed) pp 359-378, Raven Press, New York.
- Moratalla R, Robertson HA and Graybiel AM (1992) Dynamic regulation of NGFI-A (zif268, egr1) gene expression in the striatum. J Neurosci 12: 2609-2622[Abstract].
- Morelli M, Fenu S, Carta A and Di Chiara G (1996) Effect of MK 801 on priming of D1-dependent contralateral turning and its relationship to c-fos expression in the rat caudate-putamen. Behav Brain Res 79: 93-100[Medline].
- Morelli M, Fenu S, Pinna A and Di Chiara G (1994) Adenosine A2 receptors interact negatively with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 251: 21-25[Medline].
- Morgan KJ, Stults VJ and Zabik ME (1982) Amount and dietary sources of caffeine and saccharin intake by individuals ages 5 to 18 years. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2: 296-307[Medline].
- Morgan ME and Vestal RE (1989) Methylxanthine effects on caudate
|